00. GENERAL 01. Communication, education, history, and philosophy 01.10.-m Announcements, news, and organizational activities 01.10.Cr Announcements, news, and awards 01.10.Fv Conferences, lectures, and institutes 01.10.Hx Physics organizational activities 01.30.-y Physics literature and publications 01.30.Bb Publications of lectures (advanced institutes, summer schools, etc.) 01.30.Cc Conference proceedings 01.30.Ee Monographs and collections 01.30.Kj Handbooks, dictionaries, tables, and data compilations 01.30.Mm Textbooks for graduates and researchers 01.30.Pp Textbooks for undergraduates 01.30.Rr Surveys and tutorial papers; resource letters 01.30.Tt Bibliographies 01.40.-d Education 01.40.Di Course design and evaluation 01.40.Ej Science in elementary and secondary school 01.40.Gm Curricula; teaching methods, strategies, and evaluation 01.40.Jp Teacher training 01.50.-i Educational aids 01.50.Fr Audio and visual aids, films 01.50.Ht Instructional computer use 01.50.Kw Testing theory and techniques 01.50.My Demonstration experiments and apparatus 01.50.Pa Laboratory experiments and apparatus 01.50.Qb Laboratory course design, organization, and evaluation 01.50.Te Buildings and facilities 01.50.Wg Physics of toys 01.52.+r National and international laboratory facilities 01.55.+b General physics 01.60.+q Biographical, historical, and personal notes 01.65.+g History of science 01.70.+w Philosophy of science 01.75.+m Science and society 01.80.+b Physics of sports 01.90.+g Other topics of general interest 02. Mathematical methods in physics 02.10.-v Logic, set theory, and algebra 02.10.By Logic and foundations 02.10.Cz Set theory 02.10.Eb Combinatorics 02.10.Gd Order, lattices, and ordered algebraic structures 02.10.Jf General mathematical systems 02.10.Lh Number theory 02.10.Nj Algebraic number theory, field theory, and polynomials 02.10.Pk Commutative rings and algebras 02.10.Rn Algebraic geometry 02.10.Sp Linear and multilinear algebra; matrix theory (finite and infinite) 02.10.Tq Associative rings and algebras 02.10.Vr Nonassociative rings and algebras 02.10.Ws Category theory and homological algebra 02.20.-a Group theory (for algebraic methods in quantum mechanics, see 03.65.F; for symmetries in elementary particle physics, see 11.30) 02.20.Df Finite groups 02.20.Fh Infinite groups 02.20.Hj Classical linear algebraic groups 02.20.Km Abelian groups 02.20.Mp Semigroups 02.20.Nq Topological groups, general 02.20.Qs General properties, structure, and representation of Lie groups 02.20.Rt Discrete subgroups of Lie groups 02.20.Sv Lie algebras of Lie groups 02.20.Tw Infinite-dimensional Lie groups 02.30.-f Function theory, analysis 02.30.Bi Real functions 02.30.Cj Measure and integration 02.30.Dk Functions of a complex variable 02.30.Em Potential theory 02.30.Fn Several complex variables and analytic spaces 02.30.Gp Special functions 02.30.Hq Ordinary differential equations 02.30.Jr Partial differential equations 02.30.Ks Delay and functional equations 02.30.Lt Sequences, series, and summability 02.30.Mv Approximations and expansions 02.30.Nw Fourier analysis 02.30.Px Abstract harmonic analysis 02.30.Qy Integral transforms and operational calculus 02.30.Rz Integral equations 02.30.Sa Functional analysis 02.30.Tb Operator theory 02.30.Wd Calculus of variations and optimal control 02.40.-k Geometry, differential geometry, and topology (see also 04 Relativity and gravitation) 02.40.Dr Euclidean and projective geometries 02.40.Ft Convex sets and geometric inequalities 02.40.Hw Classical differential geometry 02.40.Ky Riemannian geometries 02.40.Ma Global differential geometry 02.40.Pc General topology 02.40.Re Algebraic topology 02.40.Sf Manifolds and cell complexes 02.40.Vh Global analysis and analysis on manifolds 02.50.-r Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics (see also 05 Statistical physics) 02.50.Cw Probability theory 02.50.Ey Stochastic processes 02.50.Fz Stochastic analysis 02.50.Ga Markov processes 02.50.Hb Queuing theory 02.50.Kd Foundations of statistics; sufficiency 02.50.Le Decision theory and game theory 02.50.Ng Distribution theory and Monte Carlo studies 02.50.Ph Parametric inference 02.50.Rj Nonparametric inference 02.50.Sk Multivariate analysis 02.50.Vn Linear inference 02.50.Wp Inference from stochastic processes 02.60.-x Numerical approximation and analysis 02.60.Cb Numerical simulation; solution of equations 02.60.Dc Numerical linear algebra 02.60.Ed Interpolation; curve fitting 02.60.Gf Algorithms for functional approximation 02.60.Jh Numerical differentiation and integration 02.60.Lj Ordinary and partial differential equations; boundary value problems 02.60.Nm Integral and integrodifferential equations 02.60.Pn Numerical optimization 02.70.-c Computational techniques 02.70.Bf Finite-difference methods 02.70.Dh Finite-element and Galerkin methods 02.70.Fj Finite-volume methods 02.70.Hm Spectral methods 02.70.Jn Collocation methods 02.70.Lq Monte Carlo and statistical methods 02.70.Ns Molecular dynamics and particle methods 02.70.Pt Boundary-integral methods 02.70.Rw Other computational methods 02.90.+p Other topics in mathematical methods in physics 03. Classical and quantum physics: mechanics and fields 03.20.+i Classical mechanics of discrete systems: general mathematical aspects (for applied aspects of classical mechanics of discrete systems, see 46.10; for celestial mechanics, see 95.10.C) 03.30.+p Special relativity 03.40.-t Classical mechanics of continuous media: general mathematical aspects 03.40.Dz Mathematical theory of elasticity (see also 83.10 Continuum mechanics, 46.30 Structural mechanics of shells, plates, and beams, 62.20.D Elasticity of solids) 03.40.Gc Fluid dynamics: general mathematical aspects (see also 47 Fluid dynamics) 03.40.Kf Waves and wave propagation: general mathematical aspects (see also 62.30 Mechanical and elastic waves, 43.20 General linear acoustics, 83.50.T, V--in rheology) 03.50.-z Classical field theory 03.50.De Maxwell theory: general mathematical aspects (for applied classical electrodynamics, see 41) 03.50.Kk Other special classical field theories 03.65.-w Quantum mechanics (see also 05.30 Quantum statistical mechanics) 03.65.Bz Foundations, theory of measurement, miscellaneous theories (including Aharonov-Bohm effect, Bell inequalities, Berry's phase) 03.65.Ca Formalism 03.65.Db Functional analytical methods 03.65.Fd Algebraic methods (see also 02.20 Group theory) 03.65.Ge Solutions of wave equations: bound states 03.65.Nk Nonrelativistic scattering theory (see also 03.80 General theory of scattering) 03.65.Pm Relativistic wave equations 03.65.Sq Semiclassical theories and applications 03.70.+k Theory of quantized fields (see also 11.10 Field theory) 03.75.-b Matter waves 03.75.Be Atom and neutron optics 03.75.Dg Atom and neutron interferometry 03.75.Fi Phase coherent atomic ensemble (Bose condensation) 03.80.+r General theory of scattering (see also 03.65.N Nonrelativistic scattering theory, 11.55 S-matrix theory; analytic structure of amplitudes, and 11.80 Relativistic scattering theory) 04. General relativity and gravitation (for relativistic cosmology, see 98.80.H) ...... Special relativity, see 03.30 04.20.-q Classical general relativity (see also 02.40 Geometry and topology) 04.20.Cv Fundamental problems and general formalism 04.20.Dw Singularities and cosmic censorship 04.20.Ex Initial value problem, existence and uniqueness of solutions 04.20.Fy Canonical formalism, Lagrangians, and variational principles 04.20.Gz Spacetime topology, causal structure, spinor structure 04.20.Ha Asymptotic structure 04.20.Jb Exact solutions 04.25.-g Approximation methods; equations of motion 04.25.Dm Numerical relativity 04.25.Nx Post-Newtonian approximation; perturbation theory; related approximations 04.30.-w Gravitational waves: theory 04.30.Db Wave generation and sources 04.30.Nk Wave propagation and interactions 04.40.-b Self-gravitating systems; continuous media and classical fields in curved spacetime 04.40.Dg Relativistic stars: structure, stability, and oscillations (for relativistic astrophysics, see 95.30.S) 04.40.Nr Einstein-Maxwell spacetimes, spacetimes with fluids, radiation or classical fields 04.50.+h Gravity in more than four dimensions, Kaluza-Klein theory, unified field theories; alternative theories of gravity (see also 11.25.M Compactification and four-dimensional models) 04.60.-m Quantum gravity (see also 98.80.H Quantum cosmology) 04.60.Ds Canonical quantization 04.60.Gw Covariant and sum-over-histories quantization 04.60.Kz Lower dimensional models; minisuperspace models 04.60.Nc Lattice and discrete methods 04.62.+v Quantum field theory in curved spacetime 04.65.+e Supergravity (see also 12.60.J Supersymmetric models) 04.70.-s Physics of black holes (for astrophysics of black holes, see 97.60.L) 04.70.Bw Classical black holes 04.70.Dy Quantum aspects of black holes, evaporation, thermodynamics 04.80.-y Experimental studies of gravity 04.80.Cc Experimental tests of gravitational theories 04.80.Nn Gravitational wave detectors and experiments (see also 95.55.Y in Astronomical instrumentation) 04.90.+e Other topics in general relativity and gravitation 05. Statistical physics and thermodynamics (see also 02.50 Probability theory, stochastic processes, and statistics) 05.20.-y Statistical mechanics 05.20.Dd Kinetic theory 05.20.Gg Classical ensemble theory 05.30.-d Quantum statistical mechanics 05.30.Ch Quantum ensemble theory 05.30.Fk Fermion systems and electron gas 05.30.Jp Boson systems 05.40.+j Fluctuation phenomena, random processes, and Brownian motion 05.45.+b Theory and models of chaotic systems 05.50.+q Lattice theory and statistics; Ising problems (see also 64.60.C Order-disorder and statistical mechanics of model systems and 75.10.H Classical spin models) 05.60.+w Transport processes: theory 05.70.-a Thermodynamics (see also 64 Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions, and 65 Thermal properties of condensed matter; for chemical thermodynamics, see 82.60) 05.70.Ce Thermodynamic functions and equations of state 05.70.Fh Phase transitions: general aspects 05.70.Jk Critical point phenomena 05.70.Ln Nonequilibrium thermodynamics, irreversible processes (see also 82.20.M Nonequilibrium kinetics, and 82.40.B Oscillations, chaos, and bifurcations in homogeneous nonequilibrium reactors) 05.90.+m Other topics in statistical physics and thermodynamics 06. Metrology, measurements, and laboratory procedures 06.20.-f Metrology 06.20.Dk Measurement and error theory 06.20.Fn Units and standards 06.20.Jr Determination of fundamental constants 06.30.-k Measurements common to several branches of physics and astronomy 06.30.Bp Spatial dimensions (e.g., position, lengths, volume, angles, displacements) 06.30.Dr Mass and density 06.30.Ft Time and frequency 06.30.Gv Velocity, acceleration, and rotation 06.60.-c Laboratory procedures 06.60.Ei Sample preparation (including design of sample holders) 06.60.Jn High-speed techniques (microsecond to femtosecond) 06.60.Mr Testing and inspecting procedures 06.60.Sx Positioning and alignment; manipulating, remote handling 06.60.Vz Workshop procedures (welding, machining, lubrication, bearings, etc.) 06.60.Wa Laboratory safety procedures 06.60.Yb Other laboratory procedures ...... National and international laboratory facilities, see 01.52 06.90.+v Other topics in metrology, measurements, and laboratory procedures 07. Instruments, apparatus, components, and techniques common to several branches of physics and astronomy (see also each subdiscipline for specialized instrumentation and techniques) 07.05.-t Computers in experimental physics ...... Computer in physics education, see 01.50.H ...... Computational techniques, see 02.70--in mathematical methods in physics ...... Applications to optical system design, see 42.15.E 07.05.Bx Computer systems: hardware, operating systems, computer languages, and utilities 07.05.Dz Control systems 07.05.Fb Design of experiments 07.05.Hd Data acquisition: hardware and software 07.05.Kf Data analysis: algorithms and implementation; data management 07.05.Mh Neural networks, fuzzy logic, artificial intelligence 07.05.Pj Image processing (see also 42.30.V in optics) 07.05.Rm Data presentation and visualization: algorithms and implementation 07.05.Tp Computer modeling and simulation 07.05.Wr Computer interfaces 07.05.Ys Other topics in computers in experimental physics 07.07.-a General equipment and techniques 07.07.Df Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing 07.07.Hj Display and recording equipment, oscilloscopes, TV cameras, etc. 07.07.Mp Transducers 07.07.Tw Servo and control equipment; robots 07.07.Vx Hygrometers 07.07.Yz Other equipment and techniques 07.10.-h Mechanical instruments, equipment, and techniques 07.10.Cm Micromechanical devices and systems (see also 85.42 Nanotechnology) 07.10.Fq Vibration isolation 07.10.Lw Balance systems, tensile machines, etc. 07.10.Pz Instruments for strain, force, and torque 07.10.Yg Other mechanical instruments, equipment, and techniques (including pendulum, gyroscopes, centrifuges, etc.) 07.20.-n Thermal instruments, apparatus, and techniques 07.20.Dt Thermometry 07.20.Fw Calorimetry 07.20.Hy Furnaces; heaters 07.20.Ka High-temperature techniques and instrumentation; pyrometry 07.20.Mc Cryogenics, refrigerators; low-temperature techniques 07.20.Pe Heat engines; heat pumps 07.20.Ym Other thermal instruments and techniques 07.30.-t Vacuum apparatus and techniques (see also 47.45 Rarefied gas dynamics) 07.30.Bx Degasification, residual gas 07.30.Cy Vacuum pumps 07.30.Dz Vacuum gauges 07.30.Hd Vacuum testing methods; leak detectors 07.30.Kf Vacuum chambers, auxiliary apparatus, and materials 07.35.+k High-pressure apparatus and techniques; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells 07.50.-e Electrical and electronic components, instruments, and techniques 07.50.Ek Circuits and circuit components (see also 85.20--in electrical and magnetic devices) 07.50.Hp Electrical noise and shielding, interference 07.50.Ls Electrometers 07.50.Qx Signal processing electronics 07.50.Yd Other electrical and electronic components, instruments, and techniques 07.55.-w Magnetic components, instruments and techniques 07.55.Db Generation of magnetic fields; magnets (see also 85.70.N--in magnetic devices) 07.55.Ge Magnetometers for magnetic field measurements 07.55.Jg Magnetometers for susceptibility, magnetic moment, and magnetization measurements 07.55.Nk Magnetic shielding in instruments 07.55.Yv Other magnetic instruments and techniques 07.57.-c Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave instruments, equipment and techniques (for infrared and radio telescopes, see 95.55) 07.57.Hm Infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave sources 07.57.Kp Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors (see also 85.60.G Photodetectors and infrared detectors) 07.57.Pt Submillimeter wave, microwave and radiowave spectrometers; magnetic resonance spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques 07.57.Ty Infrared spectrometers, auxiliary equipment, and techniques 07.57.Yb Other infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave instruments, equipment, and techniques 07.60.-j Optical instruments, equipment, and techniques ...... optical sources, see 42.72 ...... Optical elements, devices, and systems 42.79 ...... Photoelectric and optoelectric devices 85.60 ...... Optical telescopes, see 95.55 07.60.Dq Photometers, radiometers, and colorimeters 07.60.Fs Polarimeters and ellipsometers 07.60.Hv Refractometers and reflectometers 07.60.Ly Interferometers 07.60.Pb Conventional optical microscopes (for near-field scanning optical microscopes, see 07.79.B) 07.60.Rd Visible and ultraviolet spectrometers 07.60.Vg Fiber-optic instruments (see also 42.81 Fiber optics) 07.60.Yi Other optical instruments, equipment and techniques 07.64.+z Acoustic instruments, equipment, and techniques (see also Acoustic Appendix) 07.68.+m Photography, photographic instruments and techniques; xerography 07.75.+h Mass spectrometers and related techniques 07.77.-n Atomic, molecular, and charged-particle sources and detectors 07.77.Gx Atomic and molecular beam sources and detectors 07.77.Ka Charged-particle beam sources and detectors 07.78.+s Electron, positron, and ion microscopes, electron diffractometers, and related techniques 07.79.-v Scanning probe microscopes, components, and techniques 07.79.Cz Scanning tunneling microscopes 07.79.Fc Near-field scanning optical microscopes 07.79.Lh Atomic force microscopes 07.79.Pk Magnetic force microscopes 07.79.Sp Friction force microscopes 07.81.+a Electron, ion spectrometers, and related techniques 07.85.-m X- and gamma-ray instruments and techniques (for x- and gamma-ray telescopes, see 95.55.K) 07.85.Fv X- and gamma-ray sources, mirrors, gratings, and detectors 07.85.Jy Diffractometers 07.85.Nc X-ray and gamma-ray spectrometers 07.85.Qe Synchrotron radiation instrumentation 07.85.Yk Other x-ray and gamma-ray instruments and techniques 07.87.+v Spaceborne and space research instruments, apparatus, and components (satellites, space vehicles, etc.) 07.88.+y Instruments for environmental pollution measurements 07.89.+b Environmental effects on instruments (e.g., radiation and pollution effects) 07.90.+c Other topics in instruments, apparatus, components, and techniques common to several branches of physics and astronomy 10. THE PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS (for cosmic rays, see 96.40; for experimental methods and instrumentation, see 29) 11. General theory of fields and particles (see also 03.65 Quantum mechanics, 03.70 Theory of quantized fields, 03.80 General theory of scattering) 11.10.-z Field theory (for gauge field theories, see 11.15) 11.10.Cd Axiomatic approach 11.10.Ef Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approach 11.10.Gh Renormalization 11.10.Hi Renormalization group evolution of parameters 11.10.Jj Asymptotic problems and properties 11.10.Kk Field theories in dimensions other than four (see also 04.50 Gravity in more than four dimensions; 04.60.K Lower dimensional models in quantum gravity) 11.10.Lm Nonlinear or nonlocal theories and models (see also 11.27 Extended classical solutions; cosmic strings, domain walls, texture) 11.10.St Bound and unstable states; Bethe-Salpeter equations 11.10.Wx Finite-temperature field theory ...... Relativistic wave equations, see 03.65.P 11.15.-q Gauge field theories 11.15.Bt General properties of perturbation theory 11.15.Ex Spontaneous breaking of gauge symmetries 11.15.Ha Lattice gauge theory (see also 12.38.G Lattice QCD calculations) 11.15.Kc Classical and semiclassical techniques 11.15.Me Strong-coupling expansions 11.15.Pg Expansions for large numbers of components (e.g., 1/Nc expansions) 11.15.Tk Other nonperturbative techniques 11.25.-w Theory of fundamental strings 11.25.Db Properties of perturbation theory 11.25.Hf Conformal field theory, algebraic structures 11.25.Mj Compactification and four-dimensional models 11.25.Pm Noncritical string theory 11.25.Sq Nonperturbative techniques; string field theory 11.27.+d Extended classical solutions; cosmic strings, domain walls, texture (see also 98.80.C in cosmology) 11.30.-j Symmetry and conservation laws (see also 02.20 Group theory) 11.30.Cp Lorentz and Poincare invariance 11.30.Er Charge conjugation, parity, time reversal, and other discrete symmetries 11.30.Fs Global symmetries (e.g., baryon number, lepton number) 11.30.Hv Flavor symmetries 11.30.Ly Other internal and higher symmetries 11.30.Na Nonlinear and dynamical symmetries (spectrum-generating symmetries) 11.30.Pb Supersymmetry (see also 12.60.J Supersymmetric models) 11.30.Qc Spontaneous and radiative symmetry breaking 11.30.Rd Chiral symmetries 11.40.-q Currents and their properties 11.40.Dw General theory of currents 11.40.Ex Formal properties of current algebras (see also 12.39.F Chiral Lagrangians) 11.40.Ha Partially conserved axial-vector currents 11.55.-m S-matrix theory; analytic structure of amplitudes 11.55.Bq Analytic properties of S matrix 11.55.Ds Exact S matrices 11.55.Fv Dispersion relations 11.55.Hx Sum rules 11.55.Jy Regge formalism (see also 12.40.N in strong interactions) 11.80.-m Relativistic scattering theory (see also 03.80 General theory of scattering) 11.80.Cr Kinematical properties (helicity and invariant amplitudes, kinematic singularities, etc.) 11.80.Et Partial-wave analysis 11.80.Fv Approximations (eikonal approximation, variational principles, etc.) 11.80.Gw Multichannel scattering 11.80.Jy Many-body scattering and Faddeev equation 11.80.La Multiple scattering 11.90.+t Other topics in general field and particle theory 12. Specific theories and interaction models; particle systematics 12.10.-g Unified field theories and models (see also 04.50--in general relativity and gravitation, 11.25.M Compactification and four-dimensional models) 12.10.Dm Unified theories and models of strong and electroweak interactions 12.10.Kt Unification of couplings; mass relations 12.15.-y Electroweak interactions ...... for extensions of gauge or Higgs sector, see 12.60.C or 12.60.F 12.15.Ff Quark and lepton masses and mixing (see also 14.60.P Neutrino mass and mixing) 12.15.Hh Determination of Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements 12.15.Ji Applications of electroweak models to specific processes 12.15.Lk Electroweak radiative corrections (see also 13.40.K Electromagnetic corrections to strong- and weak-interaction processes) 12.15.Mm Neutral currents 12.20.-m Quantum electrodynamics 12.20.Ds Specific calculations 12.20.Fv Experimental tests 12.38.-t Quantum chromodynamics ...... see also 24.85 Quarks, gluons, and QCD in nuclei and nuclear processes 12.38.Aw General properties of QCD (dynamics, confinement, etc.) 12.38.Bx Perturbative calculations 12.38.Cy Summation of perturbation theory 12.38.Gc Lattice QCD calculations (see also 11.15.H Lattice gauge theory) 12.38.Lg Other nonperturbative calculations 12.38.Mh Quark-gluon plasma 12.38.Qk Experimental tests 12.39.-x Phenomenological quark models 12.39.Ba Bag model 12.39.Dc Skyrmions 12.39.Fe Chiral Lagrangians 12.39.Hg Heavy quark effective theory 12.39.Jh Nonrelativistic quark model 12.39.Ki Relativistic quark model 12.39.Mk Glueball and nonstandard multi-quark/gluon states 12.39.Pn Potential models 12.40.-y Other models for strong interactions 12.40.Ee Statistical models 12.40.Nn Regge theory, duality, absorptive/optical models (see also 11.55.J Regge formalism) 12.40.Vv Vector-meson dominance 12.40.Yx Hadron mass models and calculations 12.60.-i Models beyond the standard model ...... see also 12.10 Unified field theories and models 12.60.Cn Extensions of electroweak gauge sector 12.60.Fr Extensions of electroweak Higgs sector 12.60.Jv Supersymmetric models (see also 04.65 Supergravity) 12.60.Nz Technicolor models 12.60.Rc Composite models 12.90.+b Miscellaneous theoretical ideas and models 13. Specific reactions and phenomenology 13.10.+q Weak and electromagnetic interactions of leptons (see also 13.35 Decays of leptons) 13.15.+g Neutrino interactions (for neutrino-lepton interactions, see 13.10) 13.20.-v Leptonic and semileptonic decays of mesons 13.20.Cz Decays of pi mesons 13.20.Eb Decays of K mesons 13.20.Fc Decays of charmed mesons 13.20.Gd Decays of J/psi, upsilon, and other quarkonia 13.20.He Decays of bottom mesons 13.20.Jf Decays of other mesons 13.25.-k Hadronic decays of mesons 13.25.Cq Decays of pi mesons 13.25.Es Decays of K mesons 13.25.Ft Decays of charmed mesons 13.25.Gv Decays of J/psi, upsilon, and other quarkonia 13.25.Hw Decays of bottom mesons 13.25.Jx Decays of other mesons 13.30.-a Decays of baryons 13.30.Ce Leptonic and semileptonic decays 13.30.Eg Hadronic decays 13.35.-r Decays of leptons 13.35.Bv Decays of muons 13.35.Dx Decays of taus 13.35.Hb Decays of heavy neutrinos 13.38.-b Decays of intermediate bosons 13.38.Be Decays of W bosons 13.38.Dg Decays of Z bosons 13.40.-f Electromagnetic processes and properties (see also 13.10 Weak and electromagnetic interactions of leptons) 13.40.Dk Electromagnetic mass differences 13.40.Em Electric and magnetic moments 13.40.Gp Electromagnetic form factors 13.40.Hq Electromagnetic decays 13.40.Ks Electromagnetic corrections to strong- and weak- interaction processes 13.60.-r Photon and charged-lepton interactions with hadrons (for neutrino interactions, see 13.15) 13.60.Fz Elastic and Compton scattering 13.60.Hb Total and inclusive cross sections (including deep- inelastic processes) 13.60.Le Meson production 13.60.Rj Baryon production 13.65.+i Hadron production by electron-positron collisions 13.75.-n Hadron-induced low- and intermediate-energy reactions and scattering (energy <= 10 GeV) (for higher energies, see 13.85) 13.75.Cs Nucleon-nucleon interactions (including antinucleons, deuterons, etc.) (for N-N interactions in nuclei, see 21.30) 13.75.Ev Hyperon-nucleon interactions 13.75.Gx Pion-baryon interactions 13.75.Jz Kaon-baryon interactions 13.75.Lb Meson-meson interactions 13.85.-t Hadron-induced high- and super-high-energy interactions (energy > 10 GeV) (for low energies, see 13.75) 13.85.Dz Elastic scattering 13.85.Fb Inelastic scattering: two-particle final states 13.85.Hd Inelastic scattering: many-particle final states 13.85.Lg Total cross sections 13.85.Ni Inclusive production with identified hadrons 13.85.Qk Inclusive production with identified leptons, photons, or other nonhadronic particles 13.85.Rm Limits on production of particles 13.85.Tp Cosmic-ray interactions (see also 96.40 Cosmic rays) 13.87.-a Jets in large-square-Q scattering 13.87.Ce Production 13.87.Fh Fragmentation into hadrons 13.88.+e Polarization in interactions and scattering 13.90.+i Other topics in specific reactions and phenomenology of elementary particles 14. Properties of specific particles 14.20.-c Baryons (including antiparticles) 14.20.Dh Protons and neutrons 14.20.Gk Baryon resonances with S=0 14.20.Jn Hyperons 14.20.Lq Charmed baryons 14.20.Mr Bottom baryons 14.20.Pt Dibaryons 14.40.-n Mesons 14.40.Aq pi, K, and eta mesons 14.40.Cs Other mesons with S=C=0, mass < 2.5 GeV 14.40.Ev Other strange mesons 14.40.Gx Mesons with S=C=B=0, mass > 2.5 GeV (including quarkonia) 14.40.Lb Charmed mesons 14.40.Nd Bottom mesons 14.60.-z Leptons 14.60.Cd Electrons (including positrons) 14.60.Ef Muons 14.60.Fg Taus 14.60.Hi Other charged heavy leptons 14.60.Lm Ordinary neutrinos (electron-neutrinos, muon-neutrinos, tau-neutrinos) 14.60.Pq Neutrino mass and mixing (see also 12.15.F Quark and lepton masses and mixing) 14.60.St Non-standard-model neutrinos, right-handed neutrinos, etc. 14.65.-q Quarks 14.65.Bt Light quarks 14.65.Dw Charmed quarks 14.65.Fy Bottom quarks 14.65.Ha Top quarks 14.70.-e Gauge bosons 14.70.Bh Photons 14.70.Dj Gluons 14.70.Fm W bosons 14.70.Hp Z bosons 14.70.Pw Other gauge bosons 14.80.-j Other particles (including hypothetical) 14.80.Bn Standard-model Higgs bosons 14.80.Cp Non-standard-model Higgs bosons 14.80.Hv Magnetic monopoles 14.80.Ly Supersymmetric partners of known particles 14.80.Mz Axions and other Nambu-Goldstone bosons (Majorons, familons, etc.) 20. NUCLEAR PHYSICS 21. Nuclear structure 21.10.-k Properties of nuclei; nuclear energy levels (for properties of specific nuclei listed by mass ranges, see 27) 21.10.Dr Binding energies and masses 21.10.Ft Charge distribution 21.10.Gv Mass and neutron distributions 21.10.Hw Spin, parity, and isobaric spin 21.10.Jx Spectroscopic factors 21.10.Ky Electromagnetic moments 21.10.Ma Level density 21.10.Pc Single-particle levels and strength functions 21.10.Re Collective levels 21.10.Sf Coulomb energies 21.10.Tg Lifetimes 21.30.+y Nuclear forces (see also 13.75.C Nucleon-nucleon interactions) 21.45.+v Few-body systems 21.60.-n Nuclear-structure models and methods 21.60.Cs Shell model 21.60.Ev Collective models 21.60.Fw Models based on group theory 21.60.Gx Cluster models 21.60.Jz Hartree-Fock and random-phase approximations 21.60.Ka Monte Carlo models 21.65.+f Nuclear matter ...... Exotic atoms and molecules, see 36.10 21.80.+a Hypernuclei 21.90.+f Other topics in nuclear structure 23. Radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy (see also 82.55 Radiochemistry) 23.20.-g Electromagnetic transitions 23.20.En Angular distribution and correlation measurements 23.20.Gq Multipole mixing ratios 23.20.Js Multipole matrix elements 23.20.Lv Gamma transitions and level energies 23.20.Nx Internal conversion and extranuclear effects 23.20.Ra Internal pair production 23.40.-s beta decay; electron and muon capture 23.40.Bw Weak-interaction and lepton (including neutrino) aspects 23.40.Hc Relation with nuclear matrix elements and nuclear structure 23.50.+z Decay by proton emission 23.60.+e alpha decay 23.70.+j Heavy-particle decay 23.90.+w Other topics in radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy 24. Nuclear reactions: general 24.10.-i Nuclear-reaction models and methods 24.10.Cn Many-body theory 24.10.Eq Coupled-channel and distorted-wave models 24.10.Ht Optical and diffraction models 24.10.Jv Relativistic models ...... Nuclear astrophysics, see 95.30.C 24.30.-v Resonance reactions 24.30.Cz Giant resonances 24.30.Gd Other resonances 24.50.+g Direct reactions 24.60.-k Statistical theory and fluctuations 24.60.Dr Statistical compound-nucleus reactions 24.60.Gv Statistical multistep direct reactions 24.60.Ky Fluctuation phenomena 24.60.Lz Chaos 24.70.+s Polarization phenomena in reactions 24.75.+i General properties of fission 24.80.-x Fundamental interactions in nuclei 24.80.Ba Tests of electroweak models 24.80.Dc Symmetries in nuclear processes 24.85.+p Quarks, gluons, and QCD in nuclei and nuclear processes 24.90.+d Other topics in nuclear reactions: general 25. Nuclear reactions: specific reactions 25.10.+s Nuclear reactions involving few-nucleon systems 25.20.-x Photonuclear reactions 25.20.Dc Photon absorption and scattering 25.20.Lj Photoproduction reactions 25.30.-c Lepton-induced reactions 25.30.Bf Elastic electron scattering 25.30.Dh Inelastic electron scattering to specific states 25.30.Fj Inelastic electron scattering to continuum 25.30.Hm Positron scattering 25.30.Mr Muon scattering (including the EMC effect) 25.30.Pt Neutrino scattering 25.30.Rw Electroproduction reactions 25.40.-h Nucleon-induced reactions (see also 28.20 Neutron physics) 25.40.Cm Elastic proton scattering 25.40.Dn Elastic neutron scattering 25.40.Ep Inelastic proton scattering 25.40.Fq Inelastic neutron scattering 25.40.Hs Transfer reactions 25.40.Kv Charge-exchange reactions 25.40.Lw Radiative capture 25.40.Ny Resonance reactions 25.40.Qa (p,pi) reactions 25.40.Sc Spallation reactions 25.40.Ve Other reactions above meson production thresholds (energies > 400 MeV) 25.43.+t Antiproton-induced reactions 25.45.-z Deuteron-induced reactions 25.45.De Elastic and inelastic scattering 25.45.Hi Transfer reactions 25.45.Kk Charge-exchange reactions 25.55.-e Triton, helium-3, alpha-particle induced reactions 25.55.Ci Elastic and inelastic scattering 25.55.Hp Transfer reactions 25.55.Kr Charge-exchange reactions 25.60.+v Reactions induced by unstable nuclei 25.70.-z Low and intermediate energy heavy-ion reactions 25.70.Bc Elastic and quasielastic scattering 25.70.De Coulomb excitation 25.70.Ef Resonances 25.70.Gh Compound nucleus 25.70.Hi Transfer reactions 25.70.Jj Fusion and fusion-fission reactions 25.70.Kk Charge-exchange reactions 25.70.Lm Strongly damped collisions 25.70.Mn Projectile and target fragmentation 25.70.Pq Multifragment emission and correlations 25.75.+r Relativistic heavy-ion reactions (collisions induced by light ions studied to calibrate relativistic heavy ion collisions, should be classified under both 25.75 and the 13 or 25 category appropriate to the light ions) 25.80.-e Meson- and hyperon-induced reactions 25.80.Dj Pion elastic scattering 25.80.Ek Pion inelastic scattering 25.80.Gn Pion charge-exchange reactions 25.80.Hp Pion-induced reactions 25.80.Ls Pion inclusive scattering and absorption 25.80.Nv Kaon-induced reactions 25.80.Pw Hyperon-induced reactions 25.85.-w Fission reactions 25.85.Ca Spontaneous fission 25.85.Ec Neutron-induced fission 25.85.Ge Charged-particle-induced fission 25.85.Jg Photofission 25.90.+k Other topics in nuclear reactions: specific reactions 27. Properties of specific nuclei listed by mass ranges (an additional heading must be chosen with these entries, where the given mass number limits are, to some degree, arbitrary) 27.10.+h A <= 5 27.20.+n 6 <= A <= 19 27.30.+t 20 <= A <= 38 27.40.+z 39 <= A <= 58 27.50.+e 59 <= A <= 89 27.60.+j 90 <= A <= 149 27.70.+q 150 <= A <= 189 27.80.+w 190 <= A <= 219 27.90.+b 220 <= A 28. Nuclear engineering and nuclear power studies 28.20.-v Neutron physics (see also 25.40 Nucleon-induced reactions) 28.20.Cz Neutron scattering 28.20.Fc Neutron absorption 28.20.Gd Neutron transport: diffusion and moderation 28.41.-i Fission reactors 28.41.Ak Theory, design, and computerized simulation 28.41.Bm Fuel elements, preparation, reloading, and reprocessing 28.41.Fr Reactor coolants, reactor cooling, and heat recovery 28.41.Kw Radioactive wastes, waste disposal 28.41.My Reactor control systems 28.41.Pa Moderators 28.41.Qb Structural and shielding materials 28.41.Rc Instrumentation 28.41.Te Protection systems, safety, radiation monitoring, accidents, and dismantling 28.50.-k Fission reactor types 28.50.Dr Research reactors 28.50.Ft Fast and breeder reactors 28.50.Hw Power and production reactors 28.50.Ky Propulsion reactors 28.50.Ma Auxiliary generators 28.50.Qd Other reactors 28.52.-s Fusion reactors (for fusion reactor types, see 52.55) 28.52.Av Theory, design, and computerized simulation 28.52.Cx Fueling, heating and ignition 28.52.Fa Materials 28.52.Lf Components and instrumentation 28.52.Nh Safety 28.60.+s Isotope separation and enrichment 28.70.+y Nuclear explosions (see also 47.40 Compressional flows; shock and detonation phenomena; 87.50.N, P--in medical physics; 83.50.T--in rheology) 28.90.+i Other topics in nuclear engineering and nuclear power studies 29. Experimental methods and instrumentation for elementary-particle and nuclear physics 29.17.+w Electrostatic, collective, and linear accelerators 29.20.-c Cyclic accelerators and storage rings 29.20.Dh Storage rings 29.20.Fj Betatrons 29.20.Hm Cyclotrons 29.20.Lq Synchrotrons 29.20.Mr Other cyclic accelerators 29.25.-t Particle sources and targets 29.25.Bx Electron sources 29.25.Dz Neutron sources 29.25.Lg Ion sources: polarized 29.25.Ni Ion sources: positive and negative 29.25.Pj Polarized and other targets 29.25.Rm Sources of radioactive nuclei 29.27.-a Beams in particle accelerators (for low energy charged-particle beams, see 41.75) 29.27.Ac Beam injection and extraction 29.27.Bd Beam dynamics; collective effects and instabilities 29.27.Eg Beam handling; beam transport 29.27.Fh Beam characteristics 29.27.Hj Polarized beams 29.30.-h Spectrometers and spectroscopic techniques 29.30.Aj Charged-particle spectrometers: electric and magnetic 29.30.Dn Electron spectroscopy 29.30.Ep Charged-particle spectroscopy 29.30.Hs Neutron spectroscopy 29.30.Kv X- and gamma-ray spectroscopy 29.30.Lw Nuclear orientation devices ...... Energy loss and stopping power, see 34.50.B and 61.80.M 29.40.-n Radiation detectors (for mass spectrometers, see 07.75) 29.40.Cs Gas-filled counters: ionization chambers, proportional, and avalanche counters 29.40.Gx Tracking and position-sensitive detectors 29.40.Ka Cherenkov detectors 29.40.Mc Scintillation detectors 29.40.Rg Nuclear emulsions 29.40.Vj Calorimeters 29.40.Wk Solid-state detectors 29.40.Ym Other detectors 29.50.+v Computer interfaces (for electronic circuits, see 84.30) 29.85.+c Computer data analysis 29.90.+r Other topics in elementary-particle and nuclear physics experimental methods and instrumentation 30. ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS (for physical chemistry, see 82) 31. Electronic structure of atoms, molecules and their ions: theory 31.10.+z Theory of electronic structure, electronic transitions, and chemical binding 31.15.-p Calculations and mathematical techniques in atomic and molecular physics (excluding electron correlation calculations) (for computational techniques, see 02.70) 31.15.Ar Ab initio calculations 31.15.Bs Statistical model calculations (including Thomas-Fermi and Thomas-Fermi-Dirac models) 31.15.Ct Semi-empirical and empirical calculations (differential overlap, H||Aduckel, PPP methods, etc.) 31.15.Dv Coupled cluster theory 31.15.Ew Density-functional theory 31.15.Fx Finite-difference schemes 31.15.Gy Semiclassical methods 31.15.Hz Group theory 31.15.Ja Hyperspherical methods 31.15.Kb Path-integral methods 31.15.Lc Quasiparticle methods 31.15.Md Perturbation theory 31.15.Ne Self-consistent-field methods 31.15.Pf Variational techniques 31.15.Qg Molecular dynamics and other numerical methods 31.15.Rh Valence bond calculations 31.25.-v Electron correlation calculations for atoms and molecules 31.25.Eb Electron-correlation calculations for atoms and ions: ground state 31.25.Jf Electron-correlation calculations for atoms and ions: excited states 31.25.Nj Electron-correlation calculations for diatomic molecules 31.25.Qm Electron-correlation calculations for polyatomic molecules 31.30.-i Corrections to electronic structure 31.30.Gs Hyperfine interactions and isotope effects 31.30.Jv Relativistic and quantum electrodynamic effects in atoms and molecules 31.50.+w Excited states 31.70.-f Effects of atomic and molecular interactions on electronic structure (see also 34 Atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions) 31.70.Dk Environmental and solvent effects 31.70.Hq Time-dependent phenomena: excitation and relaxation processes, and reaction rates (for chemical kinetics aspects, see 82.20.R) 31.70.Ks Molecular solids 31.90.+s Other topics in the theory of the electronic structure of atoms, molecules, and their ions 32. Atomic properties and interactions with photons 32.10.-f Properties of atoms and atomic ions 32.10.Bi Atomic masses, mass spectra, abundances, and isotopes (for mass spectroscopy, see 07.75) 32.10.Dk Electric and magnetic moments, polarizability 32.10.Fn Fine and hyperfine structure 32.10.Hq Ionization potentials, electron affinities 32.30.-r Atomic spectra 32.30.Bv Radio-frequency, microwave, and infrared spectra 32.30.Dx Magnetic resonance spectra 32.30.Jc Visible and ultraviolet spectra 32.30.Rj X-ray spectra 32.50.+d Fluorescence, phosphorescence (including quenching) 32.60.+i Zeeman and Stark effects 32.70.-n Intensities and shapes of atomic spectral lines 32.70.Cs Oscillator strengths, lifetimes, transition moments 32.70.Fw Absolute and relative intensities 32.70.Jz Line shapes, widths, and shifts 32.80.-t Photon interactions with atoms (see also 42.50 Quantum optics) 32.80.Bx Level crossing and optical pumping 32.80.Cy Atomic scattering, cross sections, and form factors; Compton scattering 32.80.Dz Autoionization 32.80.Fb Photoionization of atoms and ions 32.80.Gc Photodetachment of atomic negative ions 32.80.Hd Auger effect and inner-shell excitation or ionization 32.80.Lg Mechanical effects of light on atoms, molecules, and ions 32.80.Pj Optical cooling of atoms; trapping 32.80.Qk Coherent control of atomic interactions with photons 32.80.Rm Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states (e.g., Rydberg states) 32.80.Wr Other multiphoton processes 32.80.Ys Weak-interaction effects in atoms 32.90.+a Other topics in atomic properties and interactions of atoms and ions with photons 33. Molecular properties and interactions with photons 33.15.-e Properties of molecules and molecular ions 33.15.Bh General molecular conformation and symmetry; stereochemistry 33.15.Dj Interatomic distances and angles 33.15.Fm Bond strengths, dissociation energies 33.15.Hp Barrier heights (internal rotation, inversion, rotational isomerism, conformational dynamics) 33.15.Kr Electric and magnetic moments (and derivatives), polarizability, and magnetic susceptibility 33.15.Mt Rotation, vibration, and vibration-rotation constants 33.15.Pw Fine and hyperfine structure 33.15.Ry Ionization potentials, electron afffinities, molecular core binding energy 33.15.Ta Mass spectra 33.15.Vb Correlation times in molecular dynamics 33.20.-t Molecular spectra 33.20.Bx Radio-frequency and microwave spectra 33.20.Ea Infrared spectra 33.20.Fb Raman and Rayleigh spectra (including optical scattering) 33.20.Kf Visible spectra 33.20.Lg Ultraviolet spectra 33.20.Ni Vacuum ultraviolet spectra 33.20.Rm X-ray spectra 33.20.Sn Rotational analysis 33.20.Tp Vibrational analysis 33.20.Vq Vibration-rotation analysis 33.20.Wr Vibronic, rovibronic, and rotation-electron-spin interactions 33.25.+k Nuclear resonance and relaxation 33.35.+r Electron resonance and relaxation 33.40.+f Multiple resonances (including double and higher-order resonance processes, such as double nuclear magnetic resonance, electron double resonance, and microwave optical double resonance) 33.45.+x Moessbauer spectra 33.50.-j Fluorescence and phosphorescence; radiationless transitions, quenching (intersystem crossing, internal conversion) (for energy transfer, see also 34) 33.50.Dq Fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra 33.50.Hv Radiationless transitions, quenching 33.55.-b Optical activity and dichroism; magnetooptical and electrooptical spectra 33.55.Ad Optical activity, optical rotation; circular dichroism 33.55.Be Zeeman and Stark effects 33.55.Fi Other magnetooptical and electrooptical effects 33.60.-q Photoelectron spectra 33.60.Cv Ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet photoelectron spectra 33.60.Fy X-ray photoelectron spectra 33.70.-w Intensities and shapes of molecular spectral lines and bands 33.70.Ca Oscillator and band strengths, lifetimes, transition moments, and Franck-Condon factors 33.70.Fd Absolute and relative line and band intensities 33.70.Jg Line and band widths, shapes, and shifts 33.80.-b Photon interactions with molecules (see also 42.50 Quantum optics) 33.80.Be Level crossing and optical pumping 33.80.Eh Autoionization, photoionization, and photodetachment 33.80.Gj Diffuse spectra; predissociation, photodissociation 33.80.Ps Optical cooling of molecules; trapping 33.80.Rv Multiphoton ionization and excitation to highly excited states (e.g., Rydberg states) 33.80.Wz Other multiphoton processes 33.90.+h Other topics in molecular properties and interactions with photons 34. Atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions 34.10.+x General theories and models of atomic and molecular collisions and interactions (including statistical theories, transition state, stochastic and trajectory models, etc.) 34.20.-b Interatomic and intermolecular potentials and forces, potential energy surfaces for collisions 34.20.Cf Interatomic potentials and forces 34.20.Gj Intermolecular and atom-molecule potentials and forces 34.20.Mq Potential energy surfaces for collisions (see also 82.20.K Potential energy surfaces for chemical reactions) ...... Molecular solids, see 31.70.K 34.30.+h Intramolecular energy transfer; intramolecular dynamics; dynamics of van der Waals molecules 34.50.-s Scattering of atoms, molecules, and ions 34.50.Bw Energy loss and stopping power 34.50.Dy Interactions of atoms, molecules, and their ions with surfaces; photon and electron emission; neutralization of ions 34.50.Ez Rotational and vibrational energy transfer 34.50.Fa Electronic excitation and ionization of atoms (including beam-foil excitation and ionization) 34.50.Gb Electronic excitation and ionization of molecules; intermediate molecular states (including lifetimes, state mixing, etc.) 34.50.Lf Chemical reactions, energy disposal, and angular distribution, as studied by atomic and molecular beams (for atomic and molecular beam reactions, see 82.40.D) 34.50.Pi State-to-state scattering analyses 34.50.Rk Laser-modified scattering and reactions 34.60.+z Scattering in highly excited states (e.g. Rydberg states) 34.70.+e Charge transfer (for charge transfer reactions, see 82.30.F) 34.80.-i Electron scattering 34.80.Bm Elastic scattering of electrons by atoms and molecules 34.80.Dp Atomic excitation and ionization by electron impact 34.80.Gs Molecular excitation and ionization by electron impact 34.80.Ht Dissociation and dissociative attachment by electron impact 34.80.Kw Electron-ion scattering; excitation and ionization 34.80.Lx Electron-ion recombination and electron attachment 34.80.My Fundamental electron inelastic processes in weakly ionized gases 34.80.Nz Spin dependence of cross sections; polarized electron beam experiments 34.80.Pa Coherence and correlation in electron scattering 34.80.Qb Laser-modified scattering 34.90.+q Other topics in atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions 36. Studies of special atoms, molecules, and their ions; clusters 36.10.-k Exotic atoms and molecules (containing mesons, muons, and other unusual particles) 36.10.Dr Positronium, muonium, muonic atoms and molecules 36.10.Gv Mesonic atoms and molecules, hyperonic atoms and molecules 36.20.-r Macromolecules and polymer molecules (for polymer reactions and polymerization, see 82.35; for biological macromolecules and polymers, see 87.15) 36.20.Cw Molecular weights, dispersity 36.20.Ey Conformation (statistics and dynamics) 36.20.Fz Constitution (chains and sequences) 36.20.Hb Configuration (bonds, dimensions) 36.20.Kd Electronic structure and spectra 36.20.Ng Vibrational and rotational structure, infrared and Raman spectra 36.40.-c Atomic and molecular clusters (see also 61.46 Solid clusters and nanoparticles) 36.40.Cg Electronic and magnetic properties of clusters 36.40.Ei Phase transitions in clusters 36.40.Gk Plasma and collective effects in clusters 36.40.Jn Reactivity of clusters 36.40.Mr Spectroscopy and geometrical structure of clusters 36.40.Qv Stability and fragmentation of clusters 36.40.Sx Diffusion and dynamics of clusters 36.40.Vz Optical properties of clusters 36.40.Wa Charged clusters 36.90.+f Other special atoms, molecules, ions, and clusters 39. Instrumentation and techniques for atomic and molecular physics 39.10.+j Atomic and molecular beam sources and techniques 39.20.+q Atom interferometry techniques (see also 03.75.Dg Atom and neutron interferometry) 39.30.+w Spectroscopic techniques 39.90.+d Other instrumentation and techniques for atomic and molecular physics 40. FUNDAMENTAL AREAS OF PHENOMENOLOGY (INCLUDING APPLICATIONS) 41. Electromagnetism; electron and ion optics 41.20.-q Electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields 41.20.Bt Maxwell equations, time-varying fields, conservation laws (see also 03.50.D Maxwell theory) 41.20.Cv Electrostatics; Poisson and Laplace equations, boundary-value problems 41.20.Gz Magnetostatics; magnetic shielding, magnetic induction, boundary-value problems 41.20.Jb Electromagnetic wave propagation; radiowave propagation (see also 84.40.C Radiowave and microwave propagation; for light propagation, see 42.25.B; for propagation in plasma, see 52.35.H; for ionospheric and magnetospheric propagation, see 94.20.B and 94.30.T) 41.50.+h X-ray beams (see also 07.85.F in instruments) 41.60.-m Radiation by moving charges 41.60.Ap Synchrotron radiation (for synchrotron radiation instrumentation, see 07.85.Q) 41.60.Bq Cherenkov radiation 41.60.Cr Free-electron lasers (see also 52.75.M Free-electron devices) 41.75.-i Charged-particle beams 41.75.Ak Positive-ion beams 41.75.Cn Negative-ion beams 41.75.Fr Electron and positron beams 41.75.Ht Relativistic electron and positron beams 41.75.Lx Advanced accelerator concepts 41.85.-p Beam optics (see also 07.77 Atomic, molecular, and charged particle sources and detectors, 29.27 Beams in particle accelerators) 41.85.Ar Beam extraction, beam injection 41.85.Ct Beam shaping, beam splitting 41.85.Ew Beam profile, beam intensity 41.85.Gy Chromatic and geometrical aberrations 41.85.Ja Beam transport 41.85.Lc Beam focusing and bending magnets, wiggler magnets, and quadrupoles (see also 07.55.D--in instruments, 85.70.N--in magnetic devices; for superconducting magnets, see 85.25.L) 41.85.Ne Electrostatic lenses, septa 41.85.Qg Beam analyzers, beam monitors, and Faraday cups 41.85.Si Beam collimators, monochromators 41.90.+e Other topics in electromagnetism; electron and ion optics 42. Optics (for optical properties of gases, see 51.70; for optical properties of condensed matter, see 78) 42.15.-i Geometrical optics 42.15.Dp Wave fronts and ray tracing 42.15.Eq Optical system design 42.15.Fr Aberrations 42.15.Gs Other topics in geometrical optics 42.25.-p Wave optics 42.25.Bs Wave propagation, transmission and absorption (for radiowave propagation, see 41.20.J and 84.40.C; for propagation in atmosphere, see 42.68.A; see also 52.40.D, N--in plasma physics) 42.25.Fx Diffraction and scattering 42.25.Gy Edge and boundary effects; reflection and refraction 42.25.Hz Interference 42.25.Ja Polarization 42.25.Kb Coherence; scintillation 42.25.Lc Birefringence 42.25.Md Other topics in wave optics 42.30.-d Imaging and optical processing 42.30.Kq Fourier optics 42.30.Lr Modulation and optical transfer functions 42.30.Ms Speckle and moire patterns 42.30.Rx Phase retrieval 42.30.Sy Pattern recognition 42.30.Tz Computer vision; robotic vision 42.30.Va Image forming and processing 42.30.Wb Image reconstruction; tomography 42.30.Yc Other topics in imaging and optical processing 42.40.-i Holography 42.40.Eq Holographic optical elements; holographic gratings 42.40.Ht Hologram recording and read-out methods (see also 42.70.L Holographic recording materials; optical storage media) 42.40.Jv Computer-generated holograms 42.40.Kw Holographic interferometry; other holographic techniques (see also 07.60.L Interferometers) 42.40.Lx Diffraction efficiency, resolution, and other hologram characteristics 42.40.My Applications 42.40.Pa Volume holograms 42.50.-p Quantum optics (for lasers, see 42.55 and 42.60; see also 42.65 Nonlinear optics, 03.65 Quantum mechanics) 42.50.Ar Photon statistics and coherence theory 42.50.Ct Quantum statistical description of interaction of light and matter; related experiments 42.50.Dv Nonclassical field states; squeezed, antibunched, and sub-Poissonian states; operational definitions of the phase of the field; phase measurements 42.50.Fx Cooperative phenomena; superradiance and superfluorescence 42.50.Gy Effects of atomic coherence on propagation, absorption, and amplification of light 42.50.Hz Strong-field excitation of optical transitions in quantum systems; multi-photon processes; dynamic Stark shift (for multiphoton ionization and excitation of atoms and molecules, see 32.80.R, and 33.80.R, respectively) 42.50.Lc Quantum fluctuations, quantum noise, and quantum jumps 42.50.Md Optical transient phenomena: quantum beats, photon echo, free-induction decay, dephasings and revivals, optical nutation, and self-induced transparency 42.50.Ne Dynamics of nonlinear optical systems; optical instabilities, optical chaos, and optical spatio- temporal dynamics 42.50.Rh Optical solitons; nonlinear guided waves 42.50.Vk Mechanical effects of light on atoms, molecules, electrons, and ions (see also 32.80.P and 33.80.P Optical cooling and trapping of atoms and molecules, respectively) ...... Optical tests of fundamental laws and forces, see 12.20.F Experimental tests in quantum electrodynamics and 03.65.B Theory of measurements in quantum mechanics 42.52.+x Masers; gyrotrons 42.55.-f Lasers 42.55.Ah General laser theory 42.55.Gp Excimer lasers 42.55.Jr Metal vapor lasers 42.55.Ks Chemical lasers (for chemical laser kinetics, see 82.40.T) 42.55.Lt Other gas lasers 42.55.Mv Dye and liquid lasers 42.55.Px Semiconductor lasers; laser diodes 42.55.Rz Other solid state lasers 42.55.Vc X- and gamma-ray lasers 42.55.Wd Fiber lasers 42.55.Ye Raman lasers (see also 42.65.D Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS) ...... Free-electron lasers, see 41.60.C 42.60.-v Laser optical systems: design and operation 42.60.By Design of specific laser systems 42.60.Da Resonators, cavities, amplifiers, arrays, and rings 42.60.Fc Modulation, tuning, and mode locking 42.60.Gd Switching and pulsing 42.60.Jf Beam characteristics: profile, intensity, and power; spatial pattern formation and dynamics 42.60.Lh Efficiency, stability, gain, and other operational parameters 42.60.Mi Dynamical laser instabilities; noisy laser behavior ...... Ultrashort pulse generation, see 42.65.R ...... Dynamics of nonlinear optical systems, see 42.50.N 42.62.-b Laser applications (for LIDAR, see 42.79.Q) 42.62.Be Biological and medical applications 42.62.Cf Industrial applications 42.62.Eh Metrological applications (see also 06.20 Metrology, and 06.30 Measurements common to several branches of physics and astronomy) 42.62.Fi Laser spectroscopy 42.62.Hk Other applications 42.65.-k Nonlinear optics (for dynamics of nonlinear optical systems, see 42.50.N) ...... Optical solitons and nonlinear guided waves, see 42.50.R 42.65.An Optical susceptibility, hyperpolarizability (see also 33.15.M Electric and magnetic moments, polarizability and magnetic susceptibility of molecules) 42.65.Dr Stimulated Raman scattering; CARS 42.65.Es Stimulated Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering 42.65.Hw Phase conjugation, optical mixing, and photorefractive effect 42.65.Jx Beam trapping, self-focusing, and thermal blooming 42.65.Ky Harmonic generation, frequency conversion, parametric oscillation, and parametric amplification (see also 42.79.N Optical frequency converters) 42.65.Pc Optical bistability, multistability, and switching (see also 42.60.G Switching and pulsing; 42.79.T Optical computers, logic elements, interconnects, switches; neural networks) 42.65.Re Ultrafast processes; optical pulse generation and pulse compression (see also 42.60.G Switching and pulsing) 42.65.Vh Other nonlinear optical phenomena 42.66.-p Physiological optics 42.66.Ct Anatomy and optics of eye 42.66.Ew Physiology of eye; optic-nerve structure and function 42.66.Lc Vision: light detection, adaptation, and discrimination 42.66.Ne Color vision: color detection, adaptation, and discrimination 42.66.Qg Scales for light and color detection 42.66.Si Psychophysics of vision, visual perception; binocular vision 42.68.-w Atmospheric optics 42.68.Ay Propagation, transmission, attenuation, and radiative transfer (see also 92.60.T Interaction of atmosphere with electromagnetic waves; propagation) 42.68.Bz Atmospheric turbulence effects (see also 92.60.E Convection, turbulence, and diffusion) 42.68.Ca Spectral absorption by atmospheric gases (see also 94.10.G Absorption and scattering of radiation) 42.68.Ge Effects of clouds and water (see also 92.60.J Water in the atmosphere, 92.60.N Cloud physics) 42.68.Jg Effects of aerosols (see also 92.60.M Particles and aerosols) 42.68.Kh Effects of air pollution (see also 92.60.S Air quality and air pollution) 42.68.Mj Scattering, polarization (see also 94.10.G Absorption and scattering of radiation) 42.68.Sq Image transmission and formation 42.68.Wt Remote sensing; LIDAR and adaptive systems 42.70.-a Optical materials (for materials science, see 81; for optical properties of bulk materials, see 78.20) 42.70.Ce Glasses, quartz 42.70.Df Liquid crystals (for structure of liquid crystals, see 61.30) 42.70.Gi Light-sensitive materials 42.70.Hj Laser materials 42.70.Jk Polymers and organics 42.70.Km Infrared transmitting materials 42.70.Ln Holographic recording materials; optical storage media 42.70.Nq Nonlinear optical materials; photorefractive materials and semiconductor materials 42.72.-g Optical sources and standards (for lasers, see 42.55; see also 07.57.H in instruments) 42.72.Ai Infrared sources 42.72.Bj Visible and ultraviolet sources 42.79.-e Optical elements, devices, and systems (for integrated optics, see 42.82; for fiber optics, see 42.81) ...... Optical instruments, equipment and techniques, see 07.60 and 07.57 ...... Optical spectrometers, see 07.57.T and 07.60.R ...... Photography, photographic instruments and techniques, see 07.68 ...... Magnetooptical devices, see 85.70.S 42.79.Ag Apertures, collimators 42.79.Bh Lenses, prisms, mirrors, and coatings 42.79.Ci Filters, zone plates, and polarizers 42.79.Dj Gratings (for holographic gratings, see 42.40.E) 42.79.Ek Solar collectors and concentrators (see also 84.60.J Solar cells and arrays) 42.79.Fm Reflectors, beam splitters, and deflectors 42.79.Gn Optical waveguides and couplers (for fiber waveguides and waveguides in integrated optics, see 42.81.Q and 42.82.E, respectively) 42.79.Hp Optical processors, correlators, and modulators 42.79.Jq Acousto-optical devices (see also 43.38.Z--in acoustics appendix) 42.79.Kr Display devices, liquid-crystal devices (see also 85.60.P Display systems) 42.79.Ls Scanners, image intensifiers, and image converters (see also 85.60 Photoelectric and optoelectronic devices and systems) 42.79.Mt Schlieren devices 42.79.Nv Optical frequency converters 42.79.Pw Detectors, sensors (see also 85.60.G Photodetectors and infrared detectors, 07.62 Detection of radiation) 42.79.Qx Range finders, remote sensing devices; laser Doppler velocimeters, SAR, and LIDAR (see also 42.68.W Remote sensing; LIDAR and adaptive systems) 42.79.Ry Gradient-index (GRIN) devices (for fiber GRIN devices, see 42.81.H) 42.79.Sz Optical communication systems, multiplexers, and demultiplexers 42.79.Ta Optical computers, logic elements, interconnects, switches; neural networks 42.79.Vb Optical storage systems (see also 42.40.H Hologram recording and readout methods) 42.79.Yd Other optical elements, devices, and systems 42.81.-i Fiber optics 42.81.Bm Fabrication, cladding, and splicing 42.81.Cn Fiber testing and measurement of fiber parameters 42.81.Dp Propagation, scattering, and losses; solitons 42.81.Gs Birefringence, polarization 42.81.Ht Gradient-index (GRIN) fiber devices 42.81.Pa Sensors, gyros 42.81.Qb Fiber waveguides, couplers, and arrays 42.81.Wg Other fiber-optical devices (for fiber lasers, see 42.55.W) 42.82.-m Integrated optics 42.82.Bq Design and performance testing of integrated-optical systems 42.82.Cr Fabrication techniques; lithography, pattern transfer 42.82.Ds Interconnects, including holographic interconnects (see also 42.79.T Optical computers, logic elements, interconnects, switches; neural networks) 42.82.Et Waveguides, couplers, and arrays (for fiber waveguides, see 42.81.Q) 42.82.Fv Hybrid systems 42.82.Gw Other integrated-optical elements and systems 42.86.+b Optical workshop techniques 42.87.-d Optical testing techniques 42.87.Bg Phase shifting interferometry (see also 07.60.L Interferometers) 42.87.Ch Other optical testing techniques 42.88.+h Radiation effects on optical elements, devices, and systems 42.90.+m Other topics in optics 43. Acoustics (for more detailed headings, see Appendix to 43) 43.20.+g General linear acoustics (see also 03.40.K Waves and wave propagation: general mathematical aspects) 43.25.+y Nonlinear acoustics, macrosonics 43.28.+h Aeroacoustics, atmospheric sound (see also 92.60 Meteorology) 43.30.+m Underwater sound (see also 92.10.V--in physics of oceans) 43.35.+d Ultrasonics, quantum acoustics, and physical effects of sound ...... Phonons in crystal lattices, see 63.20 ...... Acoustical properties of rocks and minerals, see 91.60.L ...... Sound waves in plasma, see 52.35.D ...... Low-temperature acoustics and sound in liquid helium, see 67 ...... Acoustical properties of solids, see 62.65; for ultrasonic relaxation, see 62.80 ...... Acoustic properties of thin films, see 68.60.B ...... Surface waves in liquids and solids, see 68.10 and 68.35.G ...... Acoustoelectric effects and acoustic wave amplification, see 72.50 and 73.50.R ...... Magnetoacoustic effects, oscillations, and resonance, see 72.55, 73.50.R, and 75.80 ...... Acoustic holography, see 43.60; for acoustooptical effects, see 78.20.H 43.38.+n Transduction; acoustical devices for the generation and reproduction of sound 43.40.+s Structural acoustics and vibration 43.50.+y Noise: its effects and control 43.55.+p Architectural acoustics 43.58.+z Acoustical measurements and instrumentation 43.60.+d Acoustic signal processing 43.64.+r Physiological acoustics ...... Biological effects of sound and ultrasound, see 87.51 43.66.+y Psychological acoustics 43.70.+i Speech production 43.71.+m Speech perception 43.72.+q Speech processing and communication systems 43.75.+a Music and musical instruments 43.80.+p Bioacoustics 43.90.+v Other topics in acoustics 44. Heat transfer, thermal and thermodynamic processes 44.10.+i Heat conduction (models, phenomenological description) 44.25.+f Convective and constrained heat transfer (see also 47.27.T Convection and heat transfer) 44.30.+v Heat transfer in inhomogeneous media, in porous media, and through interfaces 44.40.+a Radiative heat transfer 44.50.+f Thermal properties of matter (phenomenology, experimental techniques) 44.60.+k Thermodynamic processes (phenomenology, experimental techniques) 44.90.+c Other topics in heat transfer, thermal and thermodynamic processes 46. Classical mechanics (for mechanical properties of condensed matter, see 62; for rheology, see 83) 46.10.+z Mechanics of discrete systems (see also 03.20--general mathematical aspects, 95.10.C Celestial mechanics) ...... Continuum mechanics, see 83.10.F 46.30.-i Structural mechanics of shells, plates, and beams 46.30.Cn Static elasticity 46.30.Lx Static buckling and instability 46.30.My Vibrations, aeroelasticity, hydroelasticity, mechanical waves, and shocks 46.30.Nz Fracture mechanics, fatigue, and cracks 46.30.Pa Friction, wear, adherence, hardness, mechanical contacts, and tribology (see also 81.40.P--in materials science) 46.30.Rc Measurement methods and techniques 46.90.+s Other topics in classical mechanics 47. Fluid dynamics (for fluid dynamics of quantum fluids, see 67; see also 83 Rheology; for sound generation by fluid flow, see 43.28.R in acoustics appendix) 47.10.+g General theory (see also 03.40.G--general mathematical aspects; 83.10- -in rheology) 47.11.+j Computational methods in fluid dynamics (see also 83.85.P Flow computation; 02.70--in mathematical methods in physics) 47.15.-x Laminar flows 47.15.Cb Laminar boundary layers 47.15.Fe Stability of laminar flows 47.15.Gf Low-Reynolds-number (creeping) flows 47.15.Hg Potential flows 47.15.Ki Inviscid flows with vorticity 47.15.Pn Laminar suspensions 47.15.Rq Laminar flows in cavities 47.17.+e Mechanical properties of fluids (see also 62.10 Mechanical properties of liquids) 47.20.-k Hydrodynamic stability 47.20.Bp Buoyancy-driven instability 47.20.Cq Inviscid instability 47.20.Dr Surface-tension-driven instability 47.20.Ft Instability of shear flows 47.20.Gv Viscous instability 47.20.Hw Morphological instability; phase changes (see also 64 Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions) 47.20.Ky Nonlinearity (including bifurcation theory) 47.20.Lz Secondary instability 47.20.Ma Interfacial instability 47.20.Pc Receptivity ...... Chaotic phenomena, see 47.52 and 05.45 47.27.-i Turbulent flows, convection, and heat transfer 47.27.Ak Fundamentals 47.27.Cn Transition to turbulence 47.27.Eq Turbulence simulation and modeling 47.27.Gs Isotropic turbulence; homogeneous turbulence 47.27.Jv High-Reynolds-number turbulence 47.27.Lx Wall-bounded thin shear flows 47.27.Nz Boundary layer and shear turbulence 47.27.Pa Thick shear flows 47.27.Qb Turbulent diffusion 47.27.Rc Turbulence control 47.27.Sd Noise (turbulence generated) 47.27.Te Convection and heat transfer (see also 44.25 Convective and constrained heat transfer) 47.27.Vf Wakes 47.27.Wg Jets 47.32.-y Rotational flow and vorticity 47.32.Cc Vortex dynamics 47.32.Ff Separated flows 47.35.+i Hydrodynamic waves 47.37.+q Hydrodynamic aspects of superfluidity (see also 67.40.H and 67.57.D--in quantum fluids and solids) 47.40.-x Compressible flows; shock and detonation phenomena (see also 28.70 Nuclear explosions, 52.35.T Shock waves in plasma, 83.50.T--in rheology, 43.25.C, 43.28.M and 43.40.J--in acoustics appendix) 47.40.Dc General subsonic flows 47.40.Hg Transonic flows 47.40.Ki Supersonic and hypersonic flows 47.40.Nm Shock-wave interactions and shock effects 47.45.-n Rarefied gas dynamics 47.45.Dt Free molecular flows 47.45.Gx Slip flows 47.45.Nd Accommodation 47.50.+d Non-Newtonian fluid flows (see also 83.50 Deformation, material flow) 47.52.+j Chaos (see also 05.45 Theoretical models of chaotic systems, 83.50.W Chaotic flows; drag reduction) 47.53.+n Fractals 47.54.+r Pattern selection 47.55.-t Nonhomogeneous flows 47.55.Bx Cavitation 47.55.Dz Drops and bubbles 47.55.Hd Stratified flows ...... Rotational flows, see 47.32 47.55.Kf Multiphase and particle-laden flows 47.55.Mh Flows through porous media (for heat transfer in porous media, see 44.30) 47.60.+i Flows in ducts, channels, nozzles, and conduits (see also 83.10 and 83.50--in rheology) ...... Biological fluid dynamics, see 87.45 47.62.+q Flow control 47.65.+a Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics (for MHD in plasma, see 52.30) 47.70.-n Reactive, radiative, or nonequilibrium flows 47.70.Fw Chemically reactive flows (see also 83.80.J Chemically reactive materials) 47.70.Mc Radiation gas dynamics 47.70.Nd Nonequilibrium gas dynamics 47.75.+f Relativistic fluid dynamics (for astrophysical aspects, see 95.30.L) 47.80.+v Instrumentation for fluid dynamics (see also 83.85--in rheology; 07.30 Vacuum apparatus and techniques) 47.90.+a Other topics in fluid dynamics 50. PHYSICS OF GASES, PLASMAS, AND ELECTRIC DISCHARGES (for flow properties of gases, see 47; for atomic and molecular properties, see 30) 51. Physics of gases 51.10.+y Kinetic and transport theory of gases 51.20.+d Viscosity, diffusion, and thermal conductivity 51.30.+i Thermodynamic properties, equations of state 51.35.+a Mechanical properties; compressibility 51.40.+p Acoustical properties (see also 43.28 Aeroacoustics, atmospheric sound; for ultrasonic relaxation in gases, see 43.35.F in acoustic appendix) 51.50.+v Electrical properties (ionization, breakdown, electron and ion mobility, etc.) (see also 52.80 Electric discharges) 51.60.+a Magnetic properties 51.70.+f Optical and dielectric properties ...... Sorption, see 82.65.M, and 68.45.D ...... Gas-surface interactions, see 82.65.P ...... Gas sensors and detectors, see 07.07.D 51.90.+r Other topics in the physics of gases 52. Physics of plasmas and electric discharges (for astrophysical plasmas, see 95.30.Q; for physics of the ionosphere and magnetosphere, see 94.20 and 94.30) 52.20.-j Elementary processes in plasma 52.20.Dq Particle orbits 52.20.Fs Electron collisions 52.20.Hv Atomic, molecular, ion, and heavy-particle collisions 52.25.-b Plasma properties 52.25.Dg Plasma kinetic equations 52.25.Fi Transport properties 52.25.Gj Fluctuation phenomena (for plasma turbulence, see 52.35.R) 52.25.Jm Ionization of plasmas 52.25.Kn Thermodynamics of plasmas 52.25.Mq Dielectric properties 52.25.Nr Emission, absorption, and scattering of X and gamma radiation 52.25.Qt Emission, absorption, and scattering of ultraviolet radiation 52.25.Rv Emission, absorption, and scattering of visible and infrared radiation 52.25.Sw Emission, absorption, and scattering of radio-wave and microwave radiation 52.25.Tx Emission, absorption, and scattering of particles 52.25.Vy Impurities in plasmas 52.25.Wz Nonneutral plasmas 52.25.Ya Neutrals in plasma 52.30.-q Plasma flow; magnetohydrodynamics (see also 47.65--in fluid dynamics; for MHD generators, see 52.75.F) 52.30.Bt MHD equilibria 52.30.Jb Resistive MHD effects 52.35.-g Waves, oscillations, and instabilities in plasma 52.35.Bj Magnetohydrodynamic waves 52.35.Dm Sound waves 52.35.Fp Electrostatic waves and oscillations (e.g., ion- acoustic waves) 52.35.Hr Electromagnetic waves (e.g., electron-cyclotron, Whistler, Bernstein, upper hybrid, lower hybrid) 52.35.Kt Drift waves 52.35.Lv Other linear waves 52.35.Mw Nonlinear waves and nonlinear wave propagation (including parametric effects, mode coupling, ponderomotive effects, etc.) 52.35.Nx Other nonlinear interactions and phenomena (e.g., Brillouin scattering and Rayleigh scattering) 52.35.Py Plasma macroinstabilities (hydromagnetic, e.g., kink, fire-hose, mirror, ballooning, tearing, trapped- particle, flute, Rayleigh-Taylor, etc.) 52.35.Qz Plasma microinstabilities (ion-acoustic, two-stream, loss-cone, beam-plasma, drift, ion- or electron- cyclotron, etc.) 52.35.Ra Plasma turbulence 52.35.Sb Solitons; BGK modes 52.35.Tc Shock waves 52.40.-w Plasma interactions 52.40.Db Electromagnetic (nonlaser) radiation interactions with plasma 52.40.Fd Plasma interactions with antennas; plasma-filled waveguides 52.40.Hf Plasma-wall interactions; boundary layer effects; plasma sheaths 52.40.Mj Particle beam interactions in plasma 52.40.Nk Laser-plasma interactions (e.g., anomalous absorption, backscattering, magnetic field generation, fast particle generation) 52.50.-b Plasma production and heating 52.50.Dg Plasma sources ...... Electric discharges, see 52.80 52.50.Gj Plasma heating (beam injection, radio-frequency and microwave, ohmic, ICR, ECR, and current drive heating) 52.50.Jm Plasma production and heating by laser beams 52.50.Lp Plasma production and heating by shock waves and compression 52.55.-s Magnetic confinement and equilibrium 52.55.Dy General theory and basic studies of plasma lifetime, particle and heat loss, energy balance, etc. 52.55.Ez Z-Pinch, theta pinch, and other pinch devices 52.55.Fa Tokamaks 52.55.Hc Stellarators, spheromaks, compact tori, bumpy tori, and other toroidal confinement devices 52.55.Jd Magnetic mirrors 52.55.Lf Astron, cusp, and other magnetic traps 52.55.Pi Fusion products effects (e.g., alpha-particles, etc.) 52.58.-c Nonmagnetic confinement 52.58.Ei Light-ion inertial confinement 52.58.Hm Heavy-ion inertial confinement 52.58.Ns Other inertial confinement (including laser) 52.58.Qv Electrostatic, high frequency, and other nonmagnetic confinement 52.60.+h Relativistic plasma 52.65.-y Plasma simulation 52.65.Cc Particle orbit and trajectory 52.65.Ff Fokker-Planck equation 52.65.Kj Magnetohydrodynamic and fluid equation 52.65.Pp Monte Carlo methods 52.65.Rr Particle-in-cell method 52.65.Tt Gyrofluid and gyrokinetic simulations 52.70.-m Plasma diagnostic techniques and instrumentation 52.70.Ds Electric and magnetic measurements 52.70.Gw Radio-frequency and microwave measurements 52.70.Kz Optical (ultraviolet, visible, infrared) measurements 52.70.La X-ray and gamma-ray measurements 52.70.Nc Particle measurements 52.75.-d Plasma devices and applications (see also 28.52 Fusion reactors; for ion sources, see 29.25.L, N; for plasma sources, see 52.50.D) 52.75.Di Accelerators and propulsion 52.75.Fk Magnetohydrodynamic generators and thermionic convertors; plasma diodes 52.75.Hn Plasma torches 52.75.Kq Plasma switches (e.g., spark gaps) 52.75.Ms Free-electron devices (for free-electron lasers, see 41.60.C) 52.75.Pv High-voltage diodes (see also 84.70 High-current and high-voltage technology) 52.75.Rx Plasma applications in manufacturing and materials processing (etching, surface cleaning, spraying, arc welding, ion implantation, film deposition, etc.) 52.75.Va Devices for generation of coherent radiation 52.80.-s Electric discharges (see also 51.50 Electrical properties of gases) 52.80.Dy Low-field and Townsend discharges 52.80.Hc Glow; corona 52.80.Mg Arcs; sparks; lightning 52.80.Pi High-frequency discharges 52.80.Qj Explosions; exploding wires 52.80.Sm Magnetoactive discharges (e.g., Penning discharges) 52.80.Tn Other gas discharges 52.80.Vp Discharge in vacuum 52.80.Wq Discharge in liquids (for electric breakdown in liquids, see 77.22.J) 52.80.Yr Discharges for spectral sources (including inductively coupled plasma) 52.90.+z Other topics in physics of plasmas and electric discharges 60. CONDENSED MATTER: STRUCTURE, MECHANICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES 61. Structure of solids and liquids; crystallography (for surface structure, see 68.35.B; for thin film structure, see 68.55.J) 61.10.-i X-ray diffraction and scattering (for diffractometers, see 07.85.J) 61.10.Dp Theories of diffraction and scattering 61.10.Lx Experimental diffraction and scattering techniques (including small-angle scattering, EXAFS, NEXAFS, and XANES) 61.10.My Crystal structure solution and refinement techniques 61.10.Wg Other computational techniques 61.12.-q Neutron diffraction and scattering 61.12.Bt Theories of diffraction and scattering 61.12.Ex Neutron scattering techniques (including small-angle scattering) 61.12.Gz Neutron diffraction techniques (powder, single crystal, energy dispersive, and pulsed neutron source methods) 61.14.-x Electron diffraction and scattering 61.14.Dc Theories of diffraction and scattering 61.14.Hg Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) 61.14.Rq Other electron diffraction and scattering techniques 61.16.-d Electron microscopy and other methods 61.16.Bg Transmission and scanning electron microscopy 61.16.Ch Scanning probe microscopy: scanning tunneling, atomic force, magnetic, etc. 61.16.Fk Field-ion microscopy; atom and ion scattering ...... EPR and NMR methods for defect structures, see 61.72.H 61.20.-p Structure of liquids 61.20.Gy Theory and models of liquid structure 61.20.Ja Computer simulation 61.20.Lc Time-dependent properties; glass transitions (see also 64.70.P--in Phase transitions) 61.20.Ne Structure of simple liquids 61.20.Qg Structure of associated liquids: electrolytes, molten salts, etc. 61.25.-f Studies of specific liquid structures 61.25.Bi Liquid noble gases 61.25.Em Molecular liquids 61.25.Hq Macromolecular and polymer solutions; polymer melts (for biopolymer liquids, see 87.15) 61.25.Mv Liquid metals and alloys 61.30.-v Liquid crystals (see also 64.70.M Transitions in liquid crystals) 61.30.Cz Theory and models of liquid crystals 61.30.Eb Experimental determinations of smectic, nematic, cholesteric, and lyotropic structures 61.30.Gd Orientational order of liquid crystals; electric and magnetic field effects on order 61.30.Jf Defects in liquid crystals 61.41.+e Polymers, elastomers, and plastics (see also 81.20.S, 81.20.T, and 81.60.J--in materials science; 83.80--in rheology; for biopolymers, see 87.15) 61.43.-j Disordered solids 61.43.Bn Structural modeling: serial-addition models, computer simulation 61.43.Dq Amorphous semiconductors and metals 61.43.Fs Glasses 61.43.Hv Fractals; macroscopic aggregates (including diffusion- limited aggregates) 61.44.+p Quasicrystals 61.46.+w Solid clusters (including fullerenes) and nanoparticles (see also 36.40 Atomic and molecular clusters; 85.42 Nanotechnology) 61.50.-f Crystalline state (including molecular motions in solids) (for spin systems, see 75.25) 61.50.Cj Physics of crystal growth (for epitaxy of thin films, see 68.55; for whiskers, see 68.70; for techniques of crystal growth and film deposition, see 81.10 and 81.15) 61.50.Em Crystal symmetry: models, space groups, and crystalline systems and classes 61.50.Jr Crystal morphology and orientation 61.50.Ks Crystallographic aspects of polymorphic and order- disorder transformations 61.50.Lt Crystal binding 61.66.-f Structure of specific crystalline solids 61.66.Bi Elemental solids 61.66.Dk Alloys 61.66.Fn Inorganic compounds 61.66.Hq Organic compounds ...... Quantum crystals, see 67.80.C 61.72.-y Defects in crystals (for radiation induced defects, see 61.80; for defects in surfaces, interfaces and thin films, see 68.35.D and 68.55.L; for impurity and defect absorption, see 78.50) 61.72.Bb Theories and models of crystal defects 61.72.Cc Kinetics of defect formation and annealing 61.72.Dd Experimental determination of defects by diffraction and scattering 61.72.Ff Direct observation of dislocations and other defects (etch pits, decoration, electron microscopy, x-ray topography, etc.) 61.72.Hh Indirect evidence of dislocations and other defects (resistivity, slip, creep, strains, internal friction, EPR, NMR, etc.) 61.72.Ji Point defects (vacancies, interstitials, color centers, etc.) and defect clusters 61.72.Lk Linear defects: dislocations, disclinations 61.72.Mm Grain and twin boundaries 61.72.Nn Stacking faults and other planar or extended defects 61.72.Qq Microscopic defects (voids, inclusions, etc.) 61.72.Ss Impurities: concentration, distribution, and gradients (for impurities in thin films, see 68.55.L; see also 66.30.J Diffusion, migration, and displacement of impurities) 61.72.Tt Doping and impurity implantation in germanium and silicon 61.72.Vv Doping and impurity implantation in III-V and II-VI semiconductors 61.72.Ww Doping and impurity implantation in other materials 61.72.Yx Interaction between different crystal defects; gettering effect 61.80.-x Physical radiation effects, radiation damage (for radiation chemistry, see 82.50; for biological effects of radiation, see 87.50) 61.80.Az Theory and models of radiation effects 61.80.Ba Ultraviolet and visible radiation (including laser radiation) 61.80.Cb X rays 61.80.Ed gamma rays 61.80.Fe Electrons and positrons 61.80.Hg Neutrons 61.80.Jh Ions (for ion implantation, see 61.72.T, V, W) 61.80.Lj Atoms and molecules 61.80.Mk Channeling, blocking, and energy loss of particles 61.90.+d Other topics in structure of solids and liquids 62. Mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter (for structural mechanics of shells, plates and beams, see 46.30; for deformation and material flow, see 83.10 and 83.50; for nonlinear acoustics of solids, see 43.25.D in acoustics appendix; for mechanical and acoustical properties of interfaces and thin films, see 68.35.G, 68.45.N and 68.60.B; see also 81.40 Treatment of materials and its effects on microstructure and properties, and 81.70 Materials testing; for mechanical properties of rocks and minerals, see 91.60; for sound propagation in liquids and solids, see 43.20, 43.25, 43.30, and 43.35) 62.10.+s Mechanical properties of liquids (for viscosity of liquids, see 66.20) 62.20.-x Mechanical properties of solids 62.20.Dc Elasticity, elastic constants 62.20.Fe Deformation and plasticity (including yield, ductility, and superplasticity) 62.20.Hg Creep 62.20.Mk Fatigue, brittleness, fracture, and cracks 62.30.+d Mechanical and elastic waves; vibrations (see also 43.40 Structural acoustics and vibration) 62.40.+i Anelasticity, internal friction, stress relaxation, and mechanical resonances ...... Thermomechanical effects, see 65.70 ...... Magnetomechanical effects, see 75.80 ...... Piezoelectric effects, see 77.65 ...... Elastooptical effects, see 78.20.H 62.50.+p High-pressure and shock-wave effects in solids (for high pressure apparatus and techniques; shock tubes; diamond anvil cells, see 07.35) 62.60.+v Acoustical properties of liquids ...... Lattice dynamics, phonons, see 63 ...... Second sound in quantum fluids, see 67.40.P 62.65.+k Acoustical properties of solids ...... Magnetoacoustic effects, see 72.55 and 73.50.R ...... Acoustoelectric effects, see 72.50, 73.50.R, and 77.65.D ...... Acoustooptical effects, see 78.20.H 62.80.+f Ultrasonic relaxation (see also 43.35.F Ultrasonic relaxation processes in liquids and solids in acoustics appendix; for ultrasonic attenuation in superconductors, see 74.25.L) 62.90.+k Other topics in mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter 63. Lattice dynamics (see also 78.30 Infrared and Raman spectra; for surface and interface vibrations, see 68.35.J and 68.45.K) 63.10.+a General theory 63.20.-e Phonons and vibrations in crystal lattices (for phonons in superconductors, see 74.25.K; see also 43.35.G Phonons in crystal lattice, quantum acoustics in acoustics appendix) 63.20.Dj Phonon states and bands, normal modes, and phonon dispersion 63.20.Hp Phonon-phonon interactions 63.20.Kr Phonon-electron interactions 63.20.Ls Phonon interactions with quasiparticles 63.20.Mt Phonon-defect interactions 63.20.Pw Localized modes 63.20.Ry Anharmonic lattice modes 63.50.+x Vibrational states in disordered systems 63.70.+h Statistical mechanics of lattice vibrations 63.75.+z Statistical mechanics of displacive phase transitions ...... Order-disorder and statistical mechanics of model systems, see 64.60.C ...... Crystallographic aspects of polymorphic and order- disorder transformations, see 61.50.K 63.90.+t Other topics in lattice dynamics 64. Equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions (see also 82.60 Chemical thermodynamics) 64.10.+h General theory of equations of state and phase equilibria (see also 05.70.C Thermodynamic functions and equations of state) 64.30.+t Equations of state of specific substances 64.60.-i General studies of phase transitions (see also 63.75 Statistical mechanics of displacive phase transitions; for critical phenomena in quantum fluids, in solid surfaces and interfaces, and in magnetism, see 67, 68.35.R, and 75.40, respectively) 64.60.Ak Renormalization-group, fractal, and percolation studies of phase transitions (see also 61.43.H Fractals; macroscopic aggregates) 64.60.Cn Order-disorder and statistical mechanics of model systems 64.60.Fr Equilibrium properties near critical points, critical exponents 64.60.Ht Dynamic critical phenomena 64.60.Kw Multicritical points 64.60.My Metastable phases 64.60.Qb Nucleation (see also 82.60.N Thermodynamics of nucleation) 64.70.-p Phase equilibria, phase transitions, and critical points of specific substances (see also 81.30 Phase diagrams and microstructures developed by solidification and solid-solid phase transformations) 64.70.Dv Solid-liquid transitions 64.70.Fx Liquid-vapor transitions 64.70.Hz Solid-vapor transitions 64.70.Ja Liquid-liquid transitions 64.70.Kb Solid-solid transitions (see also 61.50.K Crystallographic aspects of polymorphic and order-disorder transformations; 75.30.K and 77.80.B for magnetic and ferroelectric transitions, respectively; 81.30--in material science) 64.70.Md Transitions in liquid crystals 64.70.Pf Glass transitions 64.70.Rh Commensurate-incommensurate transitions 64.75.+g Solubility, segregation, and mixing (see also 82.60.L Thermodynamics of solutions) 64.80.-v Other phase studies of systems 64.80.Eb Stoichiometry and homogeneity 64.80.Gd Microstructure (see also 81.30--in materials science) 64.90.+b Other topics in equations of state, phase equilibria, and phase transitions 65. Thermal properties of condensed matter (see also 05.70 Thermodynamics; for thermodynamic properties of quantum fluids, see 67.40.K, 67.55.C, 67.57.B; for thermal properties of solid helium, see 67.80.G; for thermal properties of thin films, see 68.60.D; for thermal conduction, see 66.60, 66.70, and 72.15; for thermal properties of rocks and minerals, see 91.60) 65.20.+w Heat capacities of liquids 65.40.-f Heat capacities of solids (for specific heat of superconductors, see 74.25.B; for specific heat of magnetic systems, see 75.40.C) 65.40.Em Lattice and electron heat capacity 65.40.Hq lambda, Schottky, and other anomalies 65.50.+m Thermodynamic properties and entropy 65.70.+y Thermal expansion and thermomechanical effects ...... Thermomagnetic and thermoelectric effects in metals and semiconductors, see 72.15.H, J, 72.20.N, P, 73.50.J, and 75.30.S ...... Pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects, see 77.70 65.90.+i Other topics in thermal properties of condensed matter 66. Transport properties of condensed matter (nonelectronic) 66.10.-x Diffusion and ionic conduction in liquids 66.10.Cb Diffusion and thermal diffusion (for osmosis, see also 82.65.F) 66.10.Ed Ionic conduction 66.20.+d Diffusive momentum transport (including viscosity of liquids) 66.30.-h Diffusion in solids (for surface and interface diffusion, see 68.35.F) 66.30.Dn Theory of diffusion and ionic conduction in solids 66.30.Fq Self-diffusion in metals, semimetals, and alloys 66.30.Hs Self-diffusion and ionic conduction in nonmetals 66.30.Jt Diffusion, migration, and displacement of impurities 66.30.Lw Diffusion, migration, and displacement of other defects 66.30.Ny Chemical interdiffusion 66.30.Qa Electromigration 66.60.+a Thermal conduction in nonmetallic liquids (for thermal conduction in liquid metals, see 72.15.C) 66.70.+f Nonelectronic thermal conduction and heat-pulse propagation in nonmetallic solids (for thermal conduction in solid metals, see 72.15.C and 72.15.E) 66.90.+r Other topics in nonelectronic transport properties of condensed matter 67. Quantum fluids and solids; liquid and solid helium (see also 05.30 Quantum statistical mechanics) 67.20.+k Quantum effects on the structure and dynamics of nondegenerate fluids (e.g., normal phase liquid helium- 4) 67.40.-w Boson degeneracy and superfluidity of helium-4 67.40.Bz Phenomenology and two-fluid models 67.40.Db Quantum statistical theory; ground state, elementary excitations 67.40.Fd Dynamics of relaxation phenomena 67.40.Hf Hydrodynamics in specific geometries, flow in narrow channels 67.40.Kh Thermodynamic properties 67.40.Mj First sound 67.40.Pm Transport processes, second and other sounds, and thermal counterflow; Kapitza resistance 67.40.Rp Films and weak link transport 67.40.Vs Vortices and turbulence 67.40.Yv Impurities and other defects 67.55.-s Normal phase of liquid helium-3 67.55.Cx Thermodynamic properties 67.55.Fa Hydrodynamics 67.55.Hc Transport properties 67.55.Jd Collective modes 67.55.Lf Impurities 67.57.-z Superfluid phase of liquid helium-3 67.57.Bc Thermodynamic properties 67.57.De Superflow and hydrodynamics 67.57.Fg Textures and vortices 67.57.Hi Transport properties 67.57.Jj Collective modes 67.57.Lm Spin dynamics 67.57.Np Behavior near interfaces 67.57.Pq Impurities 67.60.-g Mixed systems; liquid helium-3, helium-4 mixtures 67.60.Dm He I and helium-3 67.60.Fp He II and helium-3 67.60.Hr Dilute superfluid helium-3 in He II 67.65.+z Spin-polarized hydrogen and helium 67.70.+n Films (including physical adsorption) 67.80.-s Solid helium and related quantum crystals 67.80.Cx Structure, lattice dynamics, and sound propagation 67.80.Gb Thermal properties 67.80.Jd Magnetic properties and nuclear magnetic resonance 67.80.Mg Defects, impurities, and diffusion 67.90.+z Other topics in quantum fluids and solids; liquid and solid helium 68. Surfaces and interfaces; thin films and whiskers (structure and nonelectronic properties) 68.10.-m Fluid surfaces and fluid-fluid interfaces 68.10.Cr Surface energy (surface tension, interface tension, angle of contact, etc.) 68.10.Et Interface elasticity, viscosity, and viscoelasticity 68.10.Gw Interface activity, spreading 68.10.Jy Kinetics (evaporation, adsorption, condensation, catalysis, etc.) (see also 82.65 Surface and interface chemistry) 68.15.+e Liquid thin films 68.18.+p Langmuir-Blodgett films (for methods of film deposition, see 81.15.L) 68.35.-p Solid surfaces and solid-solid interfaces 68.35.Bs Atomic and molecular structure; crystal shapes; surface topography 68.35.Dv Composition; defects and impurities 68.35.Fx Diffusion; interface formation (see also 66.30 Diffusion in solids) 68.35.Gy Mechanical and acoustical properties 68.35.Ja Surface and interface dynamics and vibrations 68.35.Md Surface energy; thermodynamic properties (see also 82.65.D Thermodynamics of surfaces and interfaces) 68.35.Rh Phase transitions and critical phenomena 68.35.Wm Other nonelectronic properties 68.45.-v Solid-fluid interfaces 68.45.Da Adsorption and desorption kinetics; evaporation and condensation (for chemisorption, see 82.65.M) 68.45.Gd Wetting 68.45.Kg Dynamics; vibrations 68.45.Nj Mechanical and acoustical properties 68.45.Ws Other nonelectronic properties 68.55.-a Thin film growth, structure, and epitaxy (for methods of thin film deposition, see 81.15) 68.55.Bd Molecular and atomic beam epitaxy 68.55.Ce Vapor phase epitaxy 68.55.Df Liquid phase epitaxy 68.55.Eg Solid phase epitaxy 68.55.Gi Other thin film growth studies 68.55.Jk Structure and morphology; thickness 68.55.Ln Defects and impurities: doping, implantation, distribution, concentration, etc. (for diffusion of impurities, see 66.30) 68.55.Nq Composition and phase identification 68.60.-p Physical properties of thin films, nonelectronic 68.60.Bs Mechanical and acoustical properties 68.60.Dv Thermal stability; thermal effects 68.60.Wm Other nonelectronic physical properties 68.65.+g Layer structures: multilayers, and superlattices (growth, structure, and nonelectronic properties) 68.70.+w Whiskers and dendrites (growth, structure, and nonelectronic properties) 68.90.+g Other topics in structure, and nonelectronic properties of surfaces and interfaces; thin films and whiskers 70. CONDENSED MATTER: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES 71. Electron states (see also 73.20 Surface and interface electron states) 71.10.+x General theories and computational techniques (including many-body perturbation theory, density- functional theory, atomic sphere approximation methods, Fourier decomposition methods, etc.) 71.20.-b Electron density of states 71.20.Ad Developments in mathematical and computational techniques 71.20.Cf Metals, semimetals, and alloys 71.20.Fi Nonmetallic inorganics 71.20.Hk Polymers; organic compounds 71.25.-s Nonlocalized single-particle electronic states 71.25.Cx Developments in band-structure calculation techniques 71.25.Hc Measurement of Fermi surface parameters (including dHvA, magnetoacoustic, magnetoresistance oscillation, and cyclotron resonance studies, etc.) 71.25.Jd Effective mass and g factors 71.25.Lf Electron energy states in liquid metals 71.25.Mg Electron energy states in amorphous and glassy solids 71.25.Pi Band structure of crystalline metals 71.25.Rk Band structure of crystalline elemental semiconductors 71.25.Tn Band structure of crystalline semiconductor compounds and insulators 71.27.+a Strongly correlated electron systems 71.28.+d Narrow-band systems; heavy-fermion solids; intermediate-valence solids (for magnetic aspects, see 75.20.H and 75.30.M) 71.30.+h Metal-insulator transitions 71.35.+z Excitons and related phenomena (including electron-hole drops) 71.36.+c Polaritons (including photon-phonon and photon-magnon interactions) 71.38.+i Polarons and electron-phonon interactions (see also 63.20.K Phonon-electron interactions in lattices) 71.45.-d Collective effects 71.45.Gm Exchange, correlation, dielectric and magnetic functions, plasmons 71.45.Jp Fermi-Thomas models 71.45.Lr Charge-density-wave systems (see also 75.30.F Spin-density waves) 71.45.Nt Calculations of total electronic binding energy (see also 61.50.L Crystal binding) 71.50.+t Localized single-particle electronic states (excluding impurities) 71.55.-i Impurity and defect levels 71.55.Ak Metals, semimetals, and alloys 71.55.Cn Elemental semiconductors 71.55.Eq III-V semiconductors 71.55.Gs II-VI semiconductors 71.55.Ht Other nonmetals 71.55.Jv Disordered structures; amorphous and glassy solids 71.60.+z Positron states (see also 78.70.B Positron annihilation) 71.70.-d Level splitting and interactions (see also 73.20 Surface and interface electron states, 75.30.E Exchange and superexchange interactions) 71.70.Ch Crystal and ligand fields 71.70.Ej Spin-orbit coupling, Zeeman, Stark, and strain splitting 71.70.Gm Exchange interactions 71.70.Jp Nuclear states and interactions 71.70.Ms Other bulk localized states and interactions (for surface states, see 73.20) 71.90.+q Other topics in electron states 72. Electronic transport in condensed matter (for electronic transport in surfaces, interfaces, and thin films, see 73; for thermal conduction in nonmetallic liquids, see 66.60; for electrical properties of rocks and minerals, see 91.60.P) 72.10.-d Theory of electronic transport; scattering mechanisms 72.10.Bg General formulation of transport theory 72.10.Di Scattering by phonons, magnons, and other nonlocalized excitations (see also 71.45 Collective effects) 72.10.Fk Scattering by point defects, dislocations, surfaces, and other imperfections (including Kondo effect) 72.15.-v Electronic conduction in metals and alloys 72.15.Cz Electrical and thermal conduction in amorphous and liquid metals and alloys 72.15.Eb Electrical and thermal conduction in crystalline metals and alloys 72.15.Gd Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects 72.15.He Thermomagnetic effects 72.15.Jf Thermoelectric effects 72.15.Lh Relaxation times and mean free paths 72.15.Nj Collective modes (e.g., in one-dimensional conductors) 72.15.Qm Scattering mechanisms and Kondo effect (see also 75.20.H Local moments in compounds and alloys) 72.15.Rn Quantum localization 72.20.-i Conductivity phenomena in semiconductors and insulators (see also 66.70 Nonelectronic thermal conduction in nonmetallic solids) 72.20.Dp General theory, scattering mechanisms 72.20.Fr Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance 72.20.Ht High-field and nonlinear effects 72.20.Jv Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, and trapping 72.20.My Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects 72.20.Nz Thermomagnetic effects 72.20.Pa Thermoelectric effects 72.30.+q High-frequency effects; plasma effects 72.40.+w Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects; photodielectric effects 72.50.+b Acoustoelectric effects 72.55.+s Magnetoacoustic effects (see also 75.80 Magnetomechanical effects) 72.60.+g Mixed conductivity and conductivity transitions 72.70.+m Noise processes and phenomena 72.80.-r Conductivity of specific semiconductors and insulators 72.80.Cw Elemental semiconductors 72.80.Ey III-V and II-VI semiconductors 72.80.Ga Transition-metal compounds 72.80.Jc Other crystalline inorganic semiconductors 72.80.Le Organic semiconductors 72.80.Ng Amorphous and glassy semiconductors 72.80.Ph Liquid semiconductors 72.80.Sk Insulators 72.90.+y Other topics in electronic transport in condensed matter 73. Electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films (for electronic structure and electrical properties of superconducting films, see 74.25 and 74.76) 73.20.-r Surface and interface electron states 73.20.At Surface states, band structure, electron density of states 73.20.Dx Electron states in low-dimensional structures (including quantum wells, superlattices, layer structures, and intercalation compounds) 73.20.Fz Weak localization effects (e.g., quantized states) 73.20.Hb Impurity and defect levels; energy states of adsorbed species 73.20.Jc Delocalization processes 73.20.Mf Collective excitations (including plasmons and other charge-density excitations) 73.25.+i Surface conductivity and carrier phenomena 73.30.+y Surface double layers, Schottky barriers, and work functions 73.40.-c Electronic transport in interface structures 73.40.Cg Contact resistance, contact potential 73.40.Ei Rectification 73.40.Gk Tunneling 73.40.Hm Quantum Hall effect (including fractional) 73.40.Jn Metal-to-metal contacts 73.40.Kp III-V semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions 73.40.Lq Other semiconductor-to-semiconductor contacts, p-n junctions, and heterojunctions 73.40.Mr Semiconductor-electrolyte contacts 73.40.Ns Metal-nonmetal contacts 73.40.Qv Metal-insulator-semiconductor structures (including semiconductor-to-insulator) 73.40.Rw Metal-insulator-metal structures 73.40.Sx Metal-semiconductor-metal structures 73.40.Ty Semiconductor-insulator- semiconductor structures 73.40.Vz Semiconductor-metal- semiconductor structures 73.50.-h Electronic transport phenomena in thin films 73.50.Bk General theory, scattering mechanisms 73.50.Dn Low-field transport and mobility; piezoresistance 73.50.Fq High-field and nonlinear effects 73.50.Gr Charge carriers: generation, recombination, lifetime, trapping, mean free paths 73.50.Jt Galvanomagnetic and other magnetotransport effects (including thermomagnetic effects) 73.50.Lw Thermoelectric effects 73.50.Mx High-frequency effects; plasma effects 73.50.Pz Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects; photodielectric effects 73.50.Rb Acoustoelectric and magnetoacoustic effects 73.50.Td Noise processes and phenomena 73.50.Yg Other thin film transport-related topics 73.61.-r Electrical properties of specific thin films and layer structures (for optical properties of thin films, see 78.66; for magnetic properties of thin films, see 75.70) 73.61.At Metal and metallic alloys 73.61.Cw Elemental semiconductors 73.61.Ey III-V semiconductors 73.61.Ga II-VI semiconductors 73.61.Jc Amorphous semiconductors; glasses 73.61.Le Other inorganic semiconductors 73.61.Ng Insulators 73.61.Ph Polymers; organic compounds 73.90.+f Other topics in electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, and thin films 74. Superconductivity 74.10.+v Occurrence, potential candidates 74.20.-z Theory 74.20.De Phenomenological theories (two-fluid, Ginzburg-Landau, etc.) 74.20.Fg BCS theory and its development 74.20.Hi Theory of magnetic properties 74.20.Kk Anyons 74.20.Mn Microscopic theory of high-Tc superconductivity; insulator-superconductor transitions 74.25.-q General properties; correlations between physical properties in normal and superconducting states 74.25.Bt Thermodynamic properties 74.25.Dw Phase diagrams 74.25.Fy Transport properties (electric and thermal conductivity, thermoelectric effects, etc.) 74.25.Gz Optical properties 74.25.Ha Magnetic properties 74.25.Jb Electronic structure 74.25.Kc Phonons 74.25.Ld Mechanical and acoustical properties, elasticity, and ultrasonic attenuation 74.25.Nf Response to electromagnetic fields (nuclear magnetic resonance, surface impedance, etc.) 74.40.+k Fluctuations (noise, chaos, nonequilibrium superconductivity, localization, etc.) 74.50.+r Proximity effects, weak links, tunneling phenomena, and Josephson effects 74.55.+h Type-I superconductivity 74.60.-w Type-II superconductivity 74.60.Ec Mixed state, critical fields, and surface sheath 74.60.Ge Flux pinning, flux creep, and flux-line lattice dynamics 74.60.Jg Critical currents 74.62.-c Transition temperature variations 74.62.Bf Effects of material synthesis, crystal structure, and chemical composition 74.62.Dh Effects of crystal defects, doping and substitution 74.62.Fj Pressure effects 74.70.-b Superconducting materials (excluding high-Tc cuprates) 74.70.Ad Metals; alloys and compounds: A15, C15, Chevrel and Laves phases (Nb-based alloys, carbides, nitrides, ternary molybdenum chalcogenides, etc.) 74.70.Kn Organic superconductors 74.70.Tx Heavy-fermion superconductors 74.70.Wz Fullerenes 74.72.-h High-Tc cuprates 74.72.Bk Y-based compounds 74.72.Dn La-based compounds 74.72.Fq Tl-based compounds 74.72.Hs Bi-based compounds 74.72.Jt Other cuprates 74.72.Lw Composite materials 74.76.-w Superconducting films 74.76.Bz High-Tc cuprate films 74.76.Db Other films 74.80.-g Spatially inhomogeneous structures 74.80.Bj Granular, melt-textured, and amorphous superconductors; powders 74.80.Dm Superconducting layer structures: superlattices, heterojunctions, and multilayers 74.80.Fp Point contacts; SN and SNS junctions ...... Superconducting devices; superconducting magnets, see 85.25 74.90.+n Other topics in superconductivity 75. Magnetic properties and materials (see also 81.40.R Magnetic properties related to materials treatment; for magnetic properties of rocks and minerals, see 91.60.P) 75.10.-b General theory and models of magnetic ordering (see also 05.50 Ising problems) 75.10.Dg Crystal-field theory and spin Hamiltonians 75.10.Hk Classical spin models 75.10.Jm Quantized spin models 75.10.Lp Band and itinerant models 75.10.Nr Spin-glass and other random models 75.20.-g Diamagnetism and paramagnetism 75.20.Ck Nonmetals 75.20.En Metals and alloys 75.20.Hr Local moment in compounds and alloys; Kondo effect, valence fluctuations, heavy fermions (see also 72.15.Q Scattering mechanisms and Kondo effect in electronic transport) 75.25.+z Spin arrangements in magnetically ordered materials (including neutron and spin-polarized electron studies, synchrotron-source x-ray scattering, etc.) 75.30.-m Magnetically ordered materials: other intrinsic properties (for critical point effects, see 75.40) 75.30.Cr Saturation moments and magnetic susceptibilities 75.30.Ds Spin waves (see also 76.50 Spin-wave resonance in magnetic resonances and relaxation) 75.30.Et Exchange and superexchange interactions (see also 71.70 Level splitting and interactions in electron states) 75.30.Fv Spin-density waves 75.30.Gw Magnetic anisotropy 75.30.Hx Magnetic impurity interactions 75.30.Kz Magnetic phase boundaries (including magnetic transitions, metamagnetism, etc.) 75.30.Mb Valence fluctuation, Kondo lattice, and heavy-fermion phenomena (for heavy fermion solids, see 71.28) 75.30.Pd Surface magnetism 75.30.Sg Magnetocaloric effect 75.40.-s Critical-point effects, specific heats, short-range order (see also 65.40 Heat capacities) 75.40.Cx Static properties (order parameter, static susceptibility, heat capacities, critical exponents, etc.) 75.40.Gb Dynamic properties (dynamic susceptibility, spin waves, spin diffusion, dynamic scaling, etc.) 75.40.Mg Numerical simulation studies 75.50.-y Studies of specific magnetic materials 75.50.Bb Fe and its alloys 75.50.Cc Other ferromagnetic metals and alloys 75.50.Dd Nonmetallic ferromagnetic materials 75.50.Ee Antiferromagnetics 75.50.Gg Ferrimagnetics 75.50.Kj Amorphous magnetic materials 75.50.Lk Spin glasses and other random magnets 75.50.Mm Magnetic liquids 75.50.Pp Magnetic semiconductors 75.50.Rr Magnetism in interface structures (including layer and superlattice structures) 75.60.-d Domain effects, magnetization curves, and hysteresis 75.60.Ch Domain walls and domain structure (for magnetic bubbles, see 75.70.K) 75.60.Ej Magnetization curves, hysteresis, Barkhausen and related effects 75.60.Gm High coercivity materials 75.60.Jp Fine-particle systems 75.60.Lr Magnetic aftereffects 75.60.Nt Magnetic annealing and temperature-hysteresis effects 75.70.-i Magnetic films and multilayers 75.70.Ak Magnetic properties of monolayers and overlayers 75.70.Cn Interfacial magnetic properties 75.70.Fr Magnetic ordering in multilayers 75.70.Kw Domain structure (including magnetic bubbles) 75.80.+q Magnetomechanical and magnetoelectric effects, magnetostriction ...... Galvanomagnetic effects, see 72.15.G and 72.20.M ...... Superconducting magnets, see 85.25 ...... Magnetooptical effects, see 78.20.L 75.90.+w Other topics in magnetic properties and materials 76. Magnetic resonances and relaxations in condensed matter, Moessbauer effect 76.20.+q General theory of resonances and relaxations 76.30.-v Electron paramagnetic resonance and relaxation 76.30.Da Ions and impurities: general 76.30.Fc Iron group (3d) ions and impurities (Ti-Cu) 76.30.He Platinum and palladium group (4d and 5d) ions and impurities (Zr-Ag and Hf-Au) 76.30.Kg Rare-earth ions and impurities 76.30.Lh Other ions and impurities 76.30.Mi Color centers and other defects 76.30.Pk Conduction electrons 76.30.Rn Free radicals 76.40.+b Diamagnetic and cyclotron resonances 76.50.+g Ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic resonances; spin-wave resonance (see also 75.30.D Spin waves in magnetic properties and materials) 76.60.-k Nuclear magnetic resonance and relaxation 76.60.Cq Chemical and Knight shifts 76.60.Es Relaxation effects 76.60.Gv Quadrupole resonance 76.60.Jx Effects of internal magnetic fields 76.60.Lz Spin echoes 76.70.-r Magnetic double resonances and cross effects 76.70.Dx Electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR), electron double resonance (ELDOR) 76.70.Fz Double nuclear magnetic resonance (DNMR), dynamical nuclear polarization 76.70.Hb Optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) 76.75.+i Muon spin rotation and relaxation 76.80.+y Moessbauer effect; other gamma-ray spectroscopy ...... Magnetic resonance spectrometers, 07.57.P 76.90.+d Other topics in magnetic resonances and relaxations 77. Dielectrics, piezoelectrics, and ferroelectrics and their properties (for conductivity phenomena, see 72.20 and 72.80) 77.22.-d Dielectric properties of solids and liquids 77.22.Ch Permittivity (dielectric function) 77.22.Ej Polarization and depolarization 77.22.Gm Dielectric loss and relaxation 77.22.Jp Dielectric breakdown and space-charge effects 77.55.+f Dielectric thin films 77.65.-j Piezoelectricity and electrostriction 77.65.Bn Piezoelectric and electrostrictive constants 77.65.Dq Acoustoelectric effects and surface acoustic waves (SAW) in piezoelectrics (see also 43.35.P Surface waves in solids and liquids in acoustics appendix; for surface acoustic wave transducers, see 43.38.R in acoustics appendix) 77.65.Fs Electromechanical resonance 77.70.+a Pyroelectric and electrocaloric effects 77.80.-e Ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity 77.80.Bh Phase transitions and Curie point 77.80.Dj Domain structure; hysteresis 77.80.Fm Switching phenomena 77.84.-s Dielectric, piezoelectric, and ferroelectric materials 77.84.Bw Elements, oxides, nitrides, borides, carbides, chalcogenides, etc. 77.84.Dy Niobates, titanates, tantalates, PZT ceramics, etc. 77.84.Fa KDP- and TGS-type crystals 77.84.Jd Polymers; organic compounds 77.84.Lf Composite materials 77.84.Nh Liquids, emulsions, and suspensions; liquid crystals 77.90.+k Other topics in dielectrics, piezoelectrics, and ferroelectrics and their properties 78. Optical properties and condensed-matter spectroscopy and other interactions of matter with particles and radiation 78.20.-e Optical properties of bulk materials (for nonlinear optical properties, see 42.65 and 42.50; for optical properties related to materials treatment, see 81.40.T; for optical properties of thin films, see 78.66; for optical materials, see 42.70; for optical properties of rocks and minerals, see 91.60.M) 78.20.Bh General theory (for pure homogeneous materials) 78.20.Ci Refractive index, reflectivity, critical angle, dispersive power 78.20.Dj Extinction, absorption, scattering, and transmission coefficients; emissivity 78.20.Ek Optical rotatory power 78.20.Fm Birefringence (including stress birefringence, flow birefringence, etc.) 78.20.Hp Piezo-, elasto-, and acoustooptical effects 78.20.Jq Electrooptical effects 78.20.Ls Magnetooptical effects 78.20.Nv Thermooptical effects 78.20.Wc Other optical properties of bulk materials 78.30.-j Infrared and Raman spectra and scattering (for vibrational states in crystals and disordered systems, see 63.20 and 63.50 respectively) 78.30.Cp Liquids 78.30.Er Solid metals and alloys 78.30.Fs III-V and II-VI semiconductors 78.30.Hv Other nonmetallic inorganics 78.30.Jw Organic crystals 78.30.Ly Disordered solids 78.35.+c Brillouin and Rayleigh scattering 78.40.-q Visible and ultraviolet spectra 78.40.Dw Liquids 78.40.Fy Tetrahedrally bonded nonmetals 78.40.Ha Other nonmetals 78.40.Kc Metals, semimetals, and alloys 78.45.+h Stimulated emission (see also 42.55 Lasers) 78.47.+p Time-resolved optical spectroscopies and other ultrafast optical measurements in condensed matter (see also 42.65.R--in nonlinear optics) 78.50.-w Impurity and defect absorption in solids 78.50.Ec Insulators 78.50.Ge Semiconductors 78.50.Jg Metals, semimetals, and alloys 78.55.-m Photoluminescence 78.55.Bq Liquids 78.55.Cr III-V semiconductors 78.55.Et II-VI semiconductors 78.55.Fv Solid alkali halides 78.55.Hx Other solid inorganic materials 78.55.Kz Solid organic materials 78.60.-b Other luminescence and radiative recombination 78.60.Fi Electroluminescence 78.60.Hk Cathodoluminescence, ionoluminescence 78.60.Kn Thermoluminescence 78.60.Mq Sonoluminescence, triboluminescence 78.60.Ps Chemiluminescence (see also 82.40.T Chemiluminescence and chemical laser kinetics) ...... Photoconduction and photovoltaic effects, see 72.40 and 73.50.P 78.66.-w Optical properties of thin films, surfaces, and layer structures (superlattices, heterojunctions, and multilayers) 78.66.Bz Metal and metallic alloys 78.66.Db Elemental semiconductors (crystalline) 78.66.Fd III-V semiconductors 78.66.Hf II-VI semiconductors 78.66.Jg Amorphous semiconductors; glasses 78.66.Li Other semiconductors 78.66.Nk Insulators 78.66.Qn Polymers; organic compounds 78.66.Sq Composite materials 78.70.-g Other interactions of matter with particles and radiation 78.70.Bj Positron annihilation (see also 71.60 Positron states) 78.70.Ck X-ray scattering 78.70.Dm X-ray absorption and absorption edges 78.70.En X-ray emission threshold and fluorescence 78.70.Gq Microwave and radio-frequency interactions (excluding resonances) 78.90.+t Other topics in optical properties of condensed matter and other interactions of matter with particles and radiation 79. Electron and ion emission by liquids and solids; impact phenomena 79.20.-m Impact phenomena (including electron spectra and sputtering) (see also 61.80 Radiation damage and other structural irradiation effects) 79.20.Ds Laser-light impact phenomena 79.20.Fv Electron impact: Auger emission 79.20.Hx Electron impact: secondary emission 79.20.Kz Other electron-impact emission phenomena 79.20.Nc Atom, molecule, and ion impact 79.20.Rf Atomic, molecular, and ion beam interactions with surfaces 79.40.+z Thermionic emission 79.60.-i Photoemission and photoelectron spectra 79.60.Bm Clean metal, semiconductor, and insulator surfaces 79.60.Dp Adsorbed layers and thin films 79.60.Fr Polymers; organic compounds 79.60.Ht Disordered structures 79.60.Jv Interfaces; heterostructures; nanostructures 79.70.+q Field emission, ionization, evaporation, and desorption 79.75.+g Exoelectron emission 79.90.+b Other topics in emission and impact phenomena in condensed matter 80. CROSS-DISCIPLINARY PHYSICS AND RELATED AREAS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 81. Materials science 81.10.-h Methods of crystal growth and purification (for physics of crystal growth, see 61.50.C) 81.10.Bk Growth from vapor 81.10.Dn Growth from solutions 81.10.Fq Growth from melts 81.10.Hs Zone melting and refining 81.10.Jt Growth from solid phases (including multiphase diffusion and recrystallization) 81.10.Mx Growth in microgravity environments 81.15.-z Methods of deposition of films and coatings (for structure and epitaxy of thin films, see 68.55) 81.15.Cd Deposition by sputtering 81.15.Ef Vacuum deposition 81.15.Fg Laser ablation technique 81.15.Gh Chemical vapor deposition (including plasma-assisted CVD) 81.15.Jj Ion plating and other vapor deposition 81.15.Lm Deposition from liquid phases (melts, solutions, and surface layers on liquids) 81.15.Np Growth from solid phases 81.15.Pq Electrodeposition 81.15.Rs Spray coating techniques 81.20.-n Other methods of materials fabrication 81.20.Ev Powder techniques; compaction and sintering 81.20.Gx Specific formulations of metals and alloys (compacts, pseudoalloys) 81.20.Jz Dispersion-, fiber-, and platelet-reinforced metal- based composites 81.20.Lb Ceramics and refractories 81.20.Nd Cermets, ceramic and refractory composites 81.20.Pe Glasses 81.20.Qf Glass-based composites, vitroceramics 81.20.Sh Polymers and plastics 81.20.Ti Reinforced polymers and polymer-based composites 81.30.-t Phase diagrams and microstructures developed by solidification and solid-solid phase transformations (see also 64.70 and 64.80--in equations of state, phase equilibria and phase transitions) 81.30.Bx Phase diagrams of metals and alloys 81.30.Dz Phase diagrams of other materials (for phase diagrams of superconductors, see 74.25.D) 81.30.Fb Solidification 81.30.Hd Constant-composition solid-solid phase transformations: polymorphic, massive, and order-disorder 81.30.Kf Martensitic transformations 81.30.Mh Precipitation (see also 64.75 Solubility, segregation, and mixing) 81.35.+k Granular materials: aggregation characteristics (e.g., grain size, particle size distribution, porosity) 81.40.-z Treatment of materials and its effects on microstructure and properties 81.40.Cd Solid solution, precipitation, and dispersion hardening 81.40.Ef Cold working, work hardening; annealing, recovery, and recrystallization; textures 81.40.Gh Other heat and thermomechanical treatments 81.40.Jj Elasticity and anelasticity (see also 62.20.D and 62.40--in mechanical properties of condensed matter) 81.40.Lm Deformation, plasticity, and creep (see also 62.20.F and 62.20.H--in mechanical properties of condensed matter, and 83.50--in rheology) 81.40.Np Fatigue, embrittlement, and fracture (see also 46.30.N--in structural mechanics, 62.20.M--in mechanical properties of condensed matter) 81.40.Pq Friction, lubrication, and wear (see also 46.30.P--in structural mechanics) 81.40.Rs Electrical and magnetic properties (related to treatment conditions) (see also 72.80, 73.61, and 75.50--in physics of condensed matter) 81.40.Tv Optical properties (related to treatment conditions) (see also 78.20 and 78.66--in optical properties of condensed matter) 81.40.Vw High pressure effects (see also 62.50.P--in mechanical properties of condensed matter) 81.60.-j Etching, corrosion, oxidation, and other surface treatments 81.60.Bn Metals and alloys 81.60.Cp Semiconductors and insulators 81.60.Dq Ceramics and refractories 81.60.Fs Glasses 81.60.Hv Composites 81.60.Jw Polymers and plastics 81.70.-q Materials testing 81.70.Dw Nondestructive testing 81.70.Ha Testing in microgravity environments 81.90.+c Other topics in materials science 82. Physical chemistry (for physical chemistry of solutions of biomolecules, see 87.10.D) 82.20.-w Chemical kinetics 82.20.Db Statistical theories (including transition state) 82.20.Fd Stochastic and trajectory models, other theories and models 82.20.Hf Mechanisms and product distribution 82.20.Kh Potential energy surfaces for chemical reactions (see also 34.20--in atomic and molecular physics) 82.20.Mj Nonequilibrium kinetics 82.20.Pm Measurements of rate constants, reaction cross sections, and activation energies 82.20.Rp Energy distribution and transfer; relaxation (see also 31.70.H Time-dependent phenomena--in atomic and molecular physics) 82.20.Tr Kinetic and isotope effects 82.20.Wt Computational modeling; simulation 82.30.-b Specific chemical reactions; reaction mechanisms 82.30.Cf Atom and radical reactions; chain reactions 82.30.Eh Molecule-molecule reactions 82.30.Fi Ion-molecule, ion-ion, and charge-transfer reactions (see also 34.70 Charge transfer in atomic and molecular collisions) 82.30.Hk Chemical exchanges (substitution, atom transfer, abstraction, disproportionation, and group exchange) 82.30.Lp Decomposition reactions (pyrolysis, dissociation, and group ejection) 82.30.Nr Association, addition, insertion, cluster formation, hydrogen bonding 82.30.Qt Isomerization and rearrangement 82.30.Vy Homogeneous catalysis (for heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces, see 82.65.J) 82.35.+t Polymer reactions and polymerization 82.40.-g Chemical kinetics and reactions: special regimes and techniques 82.40.Bj Oscillations, chaos, and bifurcations in homogeneous nonequilibrium reactors 82.40.Ck Pattern formation in vortices-diffusion systems 82.40.Dm Atomic and molecular beam reactions 82.40.Fp Shock waves 82.40.Js Fast and ultrafast reactions 82.40.Mw Pulse techniques 82.40.Py Flames, combustion, and explosions 82.40.Ra Plasma reactions (including flowing afterglow and electric discharges) (see also 81.15.G Chemical vapor deposition) 82.40.Tc Chemiluminescence and chemical laser kinetics (78.60.P Chemiluminescence in optical properties of condensed matter) 82.40.We Atmospheric chemistry (see also 94.10.F Atmospheric composition, chemical reactions and processes) 82.45.+z Electrochemistry and electrophoresis (see also 66.10.E Ionic conduction in liquids; for electroosmosis, see 82.65.F; for electrochemical processes biological membranes, see 87.22.F) 82.50.-m Photochemistry and radiation chemistry (for photochemical reactions of biomolecules, see 87.15.R) 82.50.Fv Photolysis, photodissociation, and photoionization by infrared, visible, and ultraviolet radiation 82.50.Gw Radiolysis, dissociation, and ionization by x-ray, gamma-ray, and particle radiation 82.55.+e Radiochemistry (including hot atom reactions, positronium and muonium chemistry) (see also 23 Radioactive decay and in-beam spectroscopy) 82.60.-s Chemical thermodynamics (see also 05.70 Thermodynamics) 82.60.Cx Enthalpies of combustion, reaction, and formation 82.60.Fa Heat capacities and heats of phase transitions 82.60.Hc Chemical equilibria and equilibrium constants 82.60.Lf Thermodynamics of solutions 82.60.Nh Thermodynamics of nucleation (see also 64.60.Q Nucleation in equations of state, phase equilibria and phase transitions) 82.65.-i Surface and interface chemistry (see also 68.35.M Surface energy; thermodynamic properties) 82.65.Dp Thermodynamics of surfaces and interfaces 82.65.Fr Film and membrane processes: ion exchange, dialysis, osmosis, electroosmosis 82.65.Jv Heterogeneous catalysis at surfaces (for homogeneous catalysis, see 82.30.V) 82.65.My Chemisorption (see also 68.45 Solid-fluid interfaces) 82.65.Pa Surface-enhanced molecular states and other gas-surface interactions (see also 34.50.D Interactions of atoms, molecules, and their ions with surfaces; photon and electron emission; neutralization of ions) 82.65.Yh Other surface and interface chemical processes 82.70.-y Disperse systems 82.70.Dd Colloids 82.70.Gg Gels and sols 82.70.Kj Emulsions and suspensions 82.70.Rr Aerosols and foams 82.80.-d Chemical analysis and related physical methods of analysis (for related instrumentation, see 07; for biochemical analytic techniques, see 87.64) 82.80.Bg Chromatography 82.80.Ch Ultraviolet, visible, infrared, Raman, microwave, and magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis methods; spectrophotometry; colorimetry 82.80.Ej X-ray, Moessbauer, and other gamma-ray spectroscopic analysis methods 82.80.Fk Electrochemical methods 82.80.Jp Activation analysis and other radiochemical methods 82.80.Kq Energy-conversion spectro-analytical methods (e.g., photoacoustic, photothermal, and optogalvanic spectroscopic methods) 82.80.Ms Mass spectrometry (including SIMS, multiphoton ionization and resonance ionization mass spectrometry) 82.80.Pv Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (photoelectron, Auger spectroscopy, etc.) 82.80.Sy Methods using colligative properties 82.80.Yc Other methods of chemical analysis 82.90.+j Other topics in physical chemistry 83. Rheology (see also 47 Fluid dynamics) 83.10.-y Fundamentals and general 83.10.Bb Kinematics of deformation and flow 83.10.Dd Dynamics of continuous media 83.10.Ff Continuum mechanics 83.10.Hh Flow of solids 83.10.Ji Fluid dynamics (nonlinear fluids) 83.10.Lk Multiphase flows 83.10.Nn Polymer dynamics 83.10.Pp Particle dynamics 83.20.-d Constitutive relations 83.20.Bg Macroscopic (phenomenological) theories 83.20.Di Microscopic (molecular) theories 83.20.Fk Reptation theories 83.20.Hn Structural and phase changes 83.20.Jp Computer simulation 83.20.Lr Boundary conditions 83.50.-v Deformation; material flow 83.50.Ax Steady shear flows 83.50.By Transient deformation and flow; time-dependent properties: start-up, stress relaxation, creep, recovery, etc. 83.50.Cz Injection molding 83.50.Da Compression molding 83.50.Eb Weissenberg effect 83.50.Fc Linear viscoelasticity 83.50.Gd Nonlinear viscoelasticity 83.50.Jf Extensional and combined flows 83.50.Lh Interfacial and free surface flows; slip 83.50.Nj Viscoplasticity; yield stress 83.50.Pk Effects of electric and magnetic fields 83.50.Qm Thixotropy; thickening flows 83.50.Sp Thermorheological properties; non-isothermal rheology 83.50.Tq Wave propagation, shocks, fracture, and crack healing 83.50.Vr Wave speed 83.50.Ws Chaotic flows; drag reduction 83.50.Yt Flows in processing machinery 83.70.-f Material form 83.70.Bi Homogeneous solids 83.70.Dk Composite solids 83.70.Fn Granular solids 83.70.Gp Homogeneous isotropic liquids; solutions and melts 83.70.Hq Heterogeneous liquids: suspensions, dispersions, emulsions, pastes, slurries, foams, block copolymers, etc. 83.70.Jr Liquid crystals: nematic, cholesteric, smectic, discotic, etc. 83.80.-k Material types 83.80.Bp Thermoplastic polymers 83.80.Cq Thermosetting polymers 83.80.Dr Elastomeric polymers 83.80.Es Polymer blends 83.80.Gv Electro- and magnetorheological fluids 83.80.Jx Chemically reactive materials 83.80.Lz Biological materials: blood, collagen, wood, food, etc. 83.80.Nb Geological materials: Earth, magma, ice, rocks, etc. 83.80.Pc Inorganic materials 83.85.-c Techniques and apparatus 83.85.Cg Rheological measurements 83.85.Ei Optical methods; sonography 83.85.Gk Sensors 83.85.Jn Viscosity measurements 83.85.Lq Normal stress measurements 83.85.Ns Data analysis (interconversion of experiments; computation of relaxation and retardation spectra; time-temperature superposition, etc.) 83.85.Pt Flow computation (e.g. finite element) (see also 02.70--in Mathematical methods in physics) 83.90.+s Other topics in rheology 84. Electromagnetic technology 84.20.+m Circuit theory (including analysis and design of networks) 84.30.-r Electronic circuits 84.30.Ey Microwave circuits (e.g., parametric, solid state) (see also 84.40.Y Waveguides; for microwave tubes, see 85.10.J) 84.30.Jc Power electronics, supply, and supervisory circuits 84.30.Le Amplifiers 84.30.Ng Oscillators, pulse generators, and function generators 84.30.Qi Modulators and demodulators; discriminators and mixers 84.30.Sk Pulse and digital circuits (for pulse generators, see 84.30.N) 84.30.Vn Filters and other networks 84.30.Wp Special purpose electronic circuits (see also 29.50 Computer interfaces in instrumentation for nuclear physics) 84.40.-x Antennas, transmission lines; radiowave and microwave propagation (for optical propagation, see 42.25; see also 41.20.J in electromagnetism) 84.40.Cb Radiowave and microwave propagation 84.40.Gf Antenna theory 84.40.Hg Antennas, antenna accessories and components 84.40.Mk Transmission-line theory 84.40.Rq Transmission lines and cables (including accessories and components) 84.40.Sr Waveguide theory 84.40.Yw Waveguides (including strip lines), waveguide accessories and components 84.60.-h Direct energy conversion and energy storage 84.60.Dn Electrochemical conversion and storage, general 84.60.Gr Fuel cells 84.60.Hs Batteries 84.60.Jt Solar cells and arrays (for other photoelectric devices, see 85.60) 84.60.Lw Magnetohydrodynamic conversion (for MHD generators, see 52.75.F) 84.60.Ny Thermionic conversion 84.60.Rb Other direct energy conversion, including electrogasdynamic, thermoelectric conversion, etc. (for thermocouples, see 85.80.F) 84.60.Td Other energy storage including capacitor banks (for capacitors, see 85.50.N) 84.70.+p High-current and high-voltage technology 84.90.+a Other topics in electromagnetic technology 85. Electrical and magnetic devices 85.10.-n Electron tubes 85.10.Dt Electron tube technology 85.10.Fw Vacuum tubes 85.10.Jz Microwave tubes (e.g., traveling-wave, backward-wave, klystrons, magnetrons, gyrotrons) 85.10.Mc Cathode-ray and storage tubes 85.10.Pe Phototubes 85.10.Rg Gas-discharge tubes 85.20.-t Conductors, inductors, and switches 85.20.Cy Conductors 85.20.Ea Resistors (including thermistors, varistors, and photoresistors) 85.20.Gc Inductors and coils 85.20.Je Signal and power transformers 85.20.Ni Wiring 85.20.Sn Electrical contacts (including connectors, relays, and switches) 85.20.Wr Fuses 85.25.-j Superconducting devices; superconducting magnets 85.25.Cp Josephson devices 85.25.Dq Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) (including magnetometers, electromagnetic radiation sources and detectors, and computer logic and memory devices) 85.25.Jw Other low-power superconducting devices 85.25.Kx Superconducting wires, fibers, and tapes 85.25.Ly Superconducting magnets and magnetic levitation devices; superconducting cables 85.25.Wh Other high-power superconducting devices 85.30.-z Semiconductor devices (for photodiodes and phototransistors, see 85.60.D; for laser diodes, see 42.55.P) 85.30.De Semiconductor-device characterization and modeling 85.30.Fg Bulk semiconductor and conductivity oscillation devices (including Hall effect devices, space-charge-limited devices, amorphous semiconductor switches, and Gunn effect devices) 85.30.Hi Surface barrier, boundary, and point contact devices 85.30.Kk Junction diodes 85.30.Mn Junction breakdown and tunneling devices 85.30.Pq Bipolar transistors 85.30.Rs Thyristors 85.30.Tv Field effect devices 85.40.-e Integrated electronics; VLSI (for integrated optics, see 42.82; for microwave integrated circuits, see 84.30.E) 85.40.Bh Microcircuit design, device layout, and packaging 85.40.Hp Fabrication techniques (including lithographic technologies, direct exposure and pattern transfer methods (resists); annealing, doping, and ion implantation processing treatments) 85.40.Jq Simulation and modeling of fabrication processes 85.40.Ls Interconnections, contacts, circuit repair, surface passivation 85.40.Qx Circuit quality, performance, and reliability 85.40.Ta Microelectronic bipolar devices 85.40.Vb Microelectronic field-effect devices (including CCD, SOS, and MOS integrated circuits) 85.40.Wc Surface acoustic wave microelectronic devices (including transducers, delay lines, filters, and amplifiers) (see also 43.38.R Surface acoustic wave transducers in acoustics appendix) 85.40.Yd Other integrated electronic and VLSI devices 85.42.+m Nanotechnology 85.45.+x Vacuum microelectronics 85.50.-j Dielectric devices 85.50.Gt Insulators and insulating coatings 85.50.Ly Ferroelectric and piezoelectric devices (see also 43.38.F Piezoelectric and ferroelectric transducers in acoustics appendix) 85.50.Na Capacitors (for energy storage, see 84.60.T) 85.60.-q Photoelectric and optoelectronic devices and systems (for solar cells and arrays, see 84.60.J) 85.60.Dw Photoelectric devices (including photodiodes and phototransistors) 85.60.Gz Photodetectors and infrared detectors (see also 29.40 Radiation detectors; see also 07.57.K Bolometers; infrared, submillimeter wave, microwave, and radiowave receivers and detectors; for optical detectors, see 42.79.P) 85.60.Jb Light-emitting devices 85.60.Me Other optoelectronic devices 85.60.Pg Display systems (see also 07.07.H Display and recording equipment, oscilloscopes, TV cameras, etc.) 85.65.+h Molecular electronic devices 85.70.-w Magnetic devices 85.70.Ca Magnetic cores 85.70.Ec Magnetostrictive, magnetoacoustic, and magnetostatic devices (for magnetostrictive transducers, see 43.38.C in acoustics appendix) 85.70.Ge Ferrite and garnet devices 85.70.Kh Magnetic thin-film devices (including magnetic heads, domain-motion devices, and magnetic displays) 85.70.Li Other magnetic recording and storage devices 85.70.Nk Magnets; magnetic levitation devices (for superconducting magnets and magnetic levitation devices, see 85.25.L) 85.70.Sq Magnetooptical devices 85.80.-b Electrochemical, thermoelectromagnetic, and other devices (for acoustoelectric devices, see 43.38) 85.80.Dg Electrochemical devices 85.80.Fi Thermoelectric devices 85.80.Jm Magnetoelectric devices 85.80.Lp Magnetothermal devices 85.90.+h Other topics in electrical and magnetic devices 87. Biophysics and medical physics 87.10.+e General, theoretical, and mathematical biophysics (including logic of biosystems, quantum biology, and relevant aspects of thermodynamics, information theory, cybernetics, and bionics) 87.15.-v Molecular biophysics 87.15.By Structure, bonding, conformation, configuration, and isomerism of biomolecules 87.15.Da Physical chemistry of solutions of biomolecules; condensed states 87.15.He Molecular dynamics and conformational changes 87.15.Kg Molecular interactions 87.15.Mi Spectra, photodissociation, and photoionization of biomolecules; bioluminescence 87.15.Rn Photochemical reactions of biomolecules; biochemical reaction mechanisms and kinetics; enzymatic catalysis; model reactions 87.22.-q Physics of cellular and physiological processes 87.22.As General theory and phenomenology 87.22.Bt Membrane and subcellular physics and structure 87.22.Fy Active transport processes across biological membranes; intracellular electron transport; energy transduction (including photosynthesis and oxidative phosphorylation) 87.22.Jb Muscle contraction, nerve conduction, synaptic transmission, memorization, and other neurophysiological processes (excluding perception processes and speech) 87.22.Me Enzymatic catalysis 87.22.Nf Mechano- and chemoceptions (including biosonic generation, detection, and guidance) 87.22.Pg Biothermics ...... Physiological optics, see 42.66 ...... Physiological acoustics, see 43.64 ...... Psychological acoustics, see 43.66 ...... Speech production, see 43.70 ...... Speech perception, see 43.71 ...... Speech processing and communication systems, see 43.72 87.40.+w Biomagnetism (cardiomagnetism, neuromagnetism, tissue susceptibility) and magnetobiology (magnetic field effects on cellular processes, and on navigation and behavior of various species) 87.45.-k Biomechanics, biorheology, and biological fluid dynamics (see also 83.80.L--in rheology; for rheological properties of biological materials, see 83.50) 87.45.Bp Mechanical properties of tissues and organs 87.45.Dr Physics of body movements 87.45.Ft Rheology of body fluids 87.45.Hw Haemodynamics, pneumodynamics 87.50.-a Biological effects of electromagnetic and particle radiation (see also 28.41.T Protection systems, safety, radiation monitoring, accidents, and dismantling, 28.52.N Safety) 87.50.Gi Ionizing radiations (ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma-rays, ions, electrons, positrons, neutrons, and mesons, etc.) 87.50.Hj Optical radiation (near ultraviolet, visible, and infrared) 87.50.Jk Radiofrequency and microwave radiation (power lines) 87.50.Ln Linear energy transfer (LET) 87.50.Nq Radiation protection (low LET) for diagnostic and therapeutic x-ray energies 87.50.Pr Radiation protection (high LET) 87.51.+e Biological effects of sound and ultrasound; lithotripsy 87.53.-j Ionizing-radiation therapy physics 87.53.Bn Photon dosimetry: theory and algorithms 87.53.Dq Photon dosimetry: measurements 87.53.Fs Electron and positron dosimetry: theory and algorithms 87.53.Hv Electron and positron dosimetry: measurements 87.53.Jw Brachytherapy dosimetry: theory, algorithms, and measurements 87.53.Ly Stereotactic radiosurgery dosimetry: theory, algorithms, and measurements 87.53.Na Radioimmunotherapy dosimetry: theory, algorithms, and measurements 87.53.Pb Proton, neutron, and heavier particle dosimetry: theory and algorithms 87.53.Qc Proton, neutron, and heavier particle dosimetry: measurements 87.53.Rd Microdosimetry 87.53.Tf Treatment planning: algorithms, collimation, verification of alignment, optimization, quality assurance specifications, tissue response factors (TCP and NTCP), etc. 87.54.-n Non-ionizing radiation therapy physics 87.54.Br Thermotherapy (hyperthermia and cryogenic therapy) 87.54.Dt Electrotherapy 87.56.-v Radiation therapy equipment 87.56.By Radiation generators 87.56.Da Ancillary equipment 87.56.Fc Quality assurance equipment 87.59.-e Medical imaging 87.59.Bh X-ray radiography 87.59.Ci Fluoroscopy 87.59.Dj Angiography 87.59.Ek Mammography 87.59.Fm Computed tomography (CT) 87.59.Hp Digital radiography 87.59.Jq Transmission imaging 87.59.Ls Bone densitometry 87.59.Mt Ultrasonography 87.59.Pw Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 87.59.Qx Nuclear medicine imaging, dosimetry, labeling and metabolic studies; radiopharmaceuticals 87.59.Sz Quantitative scanning 87.59.Ta Single-photon emission computed-tomography (SPECT) 87.59.Vb Positron emission tomography (PET) 87.59.Wc Thermography, visible radiation imaging, and other imaging and diagnostic techniques. 87.62.+n Medical imaging equipment 87.64.-t Spectroscopic and microscopic techniques in biophysics and medical physics (for spectrometers, see 07.57.P, 07.57.T, 07.60.R, 07.75 and 07.85.N) 87.64.Bx Electron, neutron and x-ray diffraction and scattering 87.64.Dz Electron microscopy; scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy 87.64.Fb X-ray spectroscopy, EXAFS 87.64.Hd EPR and NMR spectroscopy 87.64.Je Infrared and Raman spectroscopy 87.64.Lg Electron and photoelectron spectroscopy 87.64.Ni Optical absorption, magnetic circular dichroism, and fluorescence spectroscopy 87.64.Pj Moessbauer spectroscopy 87.65.+y Aerospace bio- and medical physics (effects of accelerations, weightlessness, and space environment) 87.80.+s Biophysical instrumentation and techniques 87.90.+y Other topics in biophysics and medical physics 89. Other areas of research of general interest to physicists 89.20.+a Industrial and technological research and development 89.30.+f Energy resources 89.40.+k Transportation 89.50.+r Urban planning and development 89.60.+x Environmental and ecological studies 89.70.+c Information science 89.80.+h Computer science and technology 89.90.+n Other areas of general interest to physicists 90. GEOPHYSICS, ASTRONOMY, AND ASTROPHYSICS 91. Solid Earth physics 91.10.-v Geodesy and gravity 91.10.By Mathematical geodesy; general theory 91.10.Da Cartography 91.10.Jf Topography; geometric observations 91.10.Lh Photogrammetry 91.10.Nj Rotational variations; polar wobble 91.10.Qm Harmonics of the gravity potential field ...... Relations of gravity observations to tectonics and isostasy, see 91.45.S 91.10.Tq Earth tides 91.25.-r Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism; geoelectricity 91.25.Cw Origins and models of the magnetic field; dynamo theories 91.25.Ey Interactions between exterior sources and interior properties 91.25.Ga Spatial variations: all harmonics and anomalies 91.25.Jc Spatial variations attributed to sea floor spreading 91.25.Le Time variations: diurnal to secular 91.25.Ng Paleomagnetism 91.25.Qi Geoelectricity; electromagnetic induction and conductivity (magnetotelluric effects) 91.30.-f Seismology 91.30.Bi Seismic sources (mechanisms, magnitude, moment frequency spectrum) 91.30.Dk Seismicity: space and time distribution 91.30.Fn Surface and body waves 91.30.Ks Free oscillations (periods less than 12 hours) 91.30.Mv Strong motions and shock waves 91.30.Nw Tsunamis (see also 92.10.D and 92.10.F for dynamics of the ocean) 91.30.Px Phenomena related to earthquake prediction 91.30.Rz Explosion seismology 91.35.-x Earth's interior structure and properties 91.35.Cb Models of interior structure 91.35.Dc Heat flow; geothermy 91.35.Ed Structure of the Earth's interior below the upper mantle 91.35.Gf Structure of the crust and upper mantle 91.35.Lj Composition of Earth's interior 91.35.Nm Geochronology 91.40.+m Volcanology 91.45.-c Physics of plate tectonics 91.45.Dh Plate tectonics 91.45.Fj Convection currents 91.45.Pt Slow vertical crustal movements (including isostasy and postglacial phenomena) 91.45.Sx Relations of gravity observations to tectonics and isostasy 91.50.-r Marine geology and geophysics 91.50.Cw Beach, coastal, and shelf processes 91.50.Ey Ocean bottom processes (for ocean basin thermometry, see 43.30.Q in acoustics appendix) 91.50.Ga Bathymetry and noncoastal underwater morphology 91.50.Jc Turbidity currents, sedimentation (for acoustics of sediments, see 43.30.M in acoustics appendix) 91.60.-x Physical properties of rocks and minerals (see also 83.80.N--in rheology; for rheological properties of geological materials, see 83.30) 91.60.Ba Elasticity, fracture, and flow 91.60.Fe Equations of state 91.60.Hg Phase changes 91.60.Ki Thermal properties 91.60.Lj Acoustic properties 91.60.Mk Optical properties 91.60.Pn Magnetic and electric properties 91.65.+p Geophysical aspects of geology, mineralogy, and petrology (for geophysical prospecting, see 43.40.P in acoustics appendix) 91.70.-c Information related to geologic time 91.70.Bf Cenozoic 91.70.Dh Mesozoic 91.70.Fj Paleozoic 91.70.Hm Precambrian 91.90.+p Other topics in solid Earth physics 92. Hydrospheric and atmospheric geophysics 92.10.-c Physics of the oceans (for ocean parameter estimation by acoustical methods, see 43.30.P in acoustics appendix) 92.10.Bf Physical properties of seawater 92.10.Dh Dynamics of the deep ocean 92.10.Fj Dynamics of the upper ocean 92.10.Hm Surface waves, tides, and sea level 92.10.Jn Seiches 92.10.Kp Sea-air energy exchange processes 92.10.Lq Turbulence and diffusion 92.10.Mr Thermohaline structure and circulation 92.10.Pt Underwater light and radiation energy 92.10.Rw Sea ice 92.10.Sx Coastal and estuarine oceanography 92.10.Vz Underwater sound (for acoustical aspects, see 43.30) ...... Marine geology and geophysics, see 91.50 92.20.-h Interdisciplinary aspects of oceanography 92.20.Cm Chemistry of the ocean 92.20.Gr Ocean energy extraction 92.20.Jt Biological aspects of oceanography 92.20.Ny Marine pollution 92.40.-t Hydrology and glaciology 92.40.Cy Modeling; general theory 92.40.Ea Precipitation 92.40.Fb Rivers, runoff, and streamflow 92.40.Gc Erosion and sedimentation 92.40.Je Evaporation 92.40.Kf Groundwater 92.40.Lg Soil moisture 92.40.Ni Limnology 92.40.Qk Water quality and water resources 92.40.Rm Snow 92.40.Sn Ice 92.40.Vq Glaciers 92.60.-e Meteorology (see also 43.28 Aeroacoustics and atmospheric sound, 42.68 atmospheric optics, 94.10.D Atmospheric structure, pressure, density, and temperature) 92.60.Bh General circulation 92.60.Dj Gravity waves, tides, and compressional waves 92.60.Ek Convection, turbulence, and diffusion 92.60.Fm Boundary layer structure and processes 92.60.Gn Winds and their effects 92.60.Hp Chemical composition and chemical interactions 92.60.Jq Water in the atmosphere (humidity, clouds, evaporation, precipitation) 92.60.Ls Ionic interactions and processes 92.60.Mt Particles and aerosols (see also 94.20 Physics of the ionosphere) 92.60.Nv Cloud physics 92.60.Pw Atmospheric electricity 92.60.Qx Storms 92.60.Ry Climatology 92.60.Sz Air quality and air pollution 92.60.Ta Interaction of atmosphere with electromagnetic waves; propagation 92.60.Vb Solar radiation 92.60.Wc Weather analysis and prediction 92.90.+x Other topics in hydrospheric and atmospheric geophysics 93. Geophysical observations, instrumentation, and techniques 93.30.-w Information related to geographical regions 93.30.Bz Africa 93.30.Ca Antarctica 93.30.Db Asia 93.30.Fd Australia 93.30.Ge Europe 93.30.Hf North America 93.30.Jg South America 93.30.Kh Large islands (e.g., Greenland) 93.30.Li Arctic Ocean 93.30.Mj Atlantic Ocean 93.30.Nk Indian Ocean 93.30.Pm Pacific Ocean 93.30.Qn Southern Ocean 93.30.Rp Regional seas 93.30.Sq Polar regions 93.30.Tr Temperate regions 93.30.Vs Tropical regions 93.55.+z International organizations, national and international programs 93.65.+e Data acquisition and storage 93.85.+q Instrumentation and techniques for geophysical research 94. Aeronomy and magnetospheric physics 94.10.-s Physics of the neutral atmosphere (for atmospheres of the planets, see 96.35.H) 94.10.Bw General properties of the high atmosphere 94.10.Dy Atmospheric structure, pressure, density, and temperature (stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere) (see also 92.60 Meteorology) 94.10.Fa Atmospheric composition (atomic or molecular), chemical reactions and processes (see also 82.40.W Atmospheric chemistry) 94.10.Gb Absorption and scattering of radiation 94.10.Jd Tides, waves, and winds 94.10.Lf Convection, diffusion, mixing, turbulence, and fallout 94.10.Nh Cosmic dust 94.10.Rk Aurora and airglow 94.20.-y Physics of the ionosphere (for ionospheres of the planets, see 96.35.K; for plasma physics aspects, see 52; for radiowave propagation, see 41.20.J in electromagnetism and 84.40 in electromagnetic technology) 94.20.Bb Wave propagation 94.20.Dd Ionospheric structure (D, E, F, and topside regions) including steady-state ion densities and temperatures 94.20.Ee D region 94.20.Gg E region 94.20.Ji F region 94.20.Lk Topside region 94.20.Mm Plasmasphere 94.20.Pp Plasmapause 94.20.Qq Particle precipitation 94.20.Rr Interactions between waves and particles 94.20.Ss Electric fields 94.20.Tt Ionospheric soundings 94.20.Vv Ionospheric disturbances 94.20.Ww Plasma motion, convection, or circulation 94.20.Yx Interaction between ionosphere and magnetosphere 94.30.-d Physics of the magnetosphere (for magnetospheres of the planets, see 96.35.K; for plasma physics aspects, see 52; for radiowave propagation, see 41.20.J in electromagnetism and 84.40 in electromagnetic technology) 94.30.Bg Magnetic coordinate systems 94.30.Ch Magnetospheric configuration 94.30.Di Magnetopause 94.30.Ej Magnetic tail 94.30.Fk Plasma motion, convection, or circulation 94.30.Gm Plasma instabilities 94.30.Hn Trapped particles 94.30.Kq Electric fields 94.30.Lr Magnetic storms, substorms 94.30.Ms Magnetic pulsations 94.30.Tz Waves: propagation and excitation 94.30.Va Magnetosheath; interaction with interplanetary space (including solar wind) (for cosmic-ray interactions, see 13.85.T in elementary particle physics; see also 96.40 in solar system) 94.80.+g Instrumentation for aeronomy and magnetospheric studies (see also 95.55 Astronomical and space-research instrumentation) 94.90.+m Other topics in aeronomy and magnetospheric physics 95. Fundamental astronomy and astrophysics; instrumentation, techniques, and astronomical observations 95.10.-a Fundamental astronomy 95.10.Ce Celestial mechanics (including n-body problems) (see also 03.20 Classical mechanics of discrete systems: general mathematical aspects) ...... Dynamics and kinematics of stellar systems, see 98.10 95.10.Eg Orbit determination and improvement 95.10.Fh Chaotic dynamics (see also 05.45 Theory and models of chaotic systems) 95.10.Gi Eclipses, transits, and occultations 95.10.Jk Astrometry and reference systems 95.10.Km Ephemerides, almanacs, and calendars 95.30.-k Fundamental aspects of astrophysics 95.30.Cq Elementary particle and nuclear processes 95.30.Dr Atomic processes and interactions (see also 32 Atomic properties and interactions with photons; 34 Atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions) 95.30.Ft Molecular processes and interactions (see also 33 Molecular properties and interactions with photons; 34 Atomic and molecular collision processes and interactions) 95.30.Gv Radiation mechanisms 95.30.Jx Radiative transfer 95.30.Ky Atomic and molecular data, spectra, and spectral parameters (opacities, rotation constants, line identification, oscillator strengths, gf values, transition probabilities, etc.) (see also 32.10, 32.30, 32.70, 33.15, 33.20, 33.20, and 33.70 in atomic and molecular physics) 95.30.Lz Hydrodynamics 95.30.Qd Magnetohydrodynamics and plasmas 95.30.Sf Relativity and gravitation (see also 04 General relativity and gravitation, 98.80.H Mathematical and relativistic cosmology) 95.30.Tg Thermodynamic processes (see also 05.70 Thermodynamics) 95.35.+d Dark matter (stellar, interstellar, galactic, and cosmological) (see also 95.30.C Elementary particle and nuclear processes; for brown dwarfs, see 97.20.V; for galactic halos, see 98.35.G or 98.62.G; for models of the early Universe, see 97.10.F) 95.40.+s Artificial Earth satellites (for lunar and planetary probes, see 95.55.P) 95.45.+i Observatories 95.55.-n Astronomical and space-research instrumentation (see also 07.57, 07.60, 07.75, 07.85 and 07.87--in instruments, 29.40 Radiation detectors, 42.79 Optical elements, devices, and systems, 85.60.G Photodetectors and infrared detectors) 95.55.Aq Charge-coupled devices and image detectors 95.55.Br Astrometric and interferometric instruments 95.55.Cs Ground-based ultraviolet, optical and infrared telescopes 95.55.Ev Solar instruments 95.55.Fw Space-based ultraviolet, optical, and infrared telescopes 95.55.Jz Radio telescopes and instrumentation 95.55.Ka X- and gamma-ray telescopes and instrumentation 95.55.Pe Lunar, planetary, and deep-space probes 95.55.Qf Photometric, polarimetric, and spectroscopic instrumentation 95.55.Sh Auxiliary and recording instruments; clocks and frequency standards 95.55.Vj Neutrino, muon, pion, and other elementary particle detectors; cosmic ray detectors 95.55.Ym Gravitational radiation detectors; mass spectrometers; and other instrumentation and techniques (see also 04.80 Experimental studies of gravity in general relativity and gravitation) 95.75.-z Observation and data reduction techniques; computer modeling and simulation 95.75.De Photography and photometry 95.75.Fg Spectroscopy and spectrophotometry 95.75.Hi Polarimetry 95.75.Kk Interferometry 95.75.Mn Image processing 95.75.Pq Mathematical procedures and computer techniques 95.75.Qr Adaptive and segmented optics (see also 42.68 Atmospheric optics) 95.75.Rs Remote observing techniques 95.75.St Other techniques 95.80.+p Catalogues, atlases, databases, retrieval systems, etc. 95.85.-e Astronomical observations (additional primary heading(s) must be chosen with these entries to represent the astronomical objects and/or properties studied) 95.85.Bh Radio, microwave, and submillimeter 95.85.Gn Far infrared (10-300 mum) 95.85.Hp Infrared (3-10 mum) 95.85.Jq Near infrared (0.75-3 mum) 95.85.Kr Visible (390-750 nm) 95.85.Ls Near ultraviolet (300-390 nm) 95.85.Mt Ultraviolet (10-300 nm) 95.85.Nv X-ray 95.85.Pw gamma-ray 95.85.Ry Neutrino, muon, pion, and other elementary particles; cosmic rays 95.85.Sz Gravitational radiation, magnetic fields, and other observations 95.90.+v Historical astronomy and archaeoastronomy; and other topics in fundamental astronomy and astrophysics; instrumentation, techniques, and astronomical observations 96. Solar System (for the Earth, see 91-94) 96.10.+i General, solar nebula, and cosmogony 96.20.-n Moon 96.20.Br Origin, formation, and age 96.20.Dt Features, landmarks, mineralogy, petrology, and atmosphere 96.20.Jz Gravitational field, selenodesy, magnetic fields 96.20.Ka Cratering 96.30.-t Planets, their satellites and rings; asteroids (for the Moon, see 96.20; for comets, see 96.50.G) ...... Celestial mechanics, see 95.10.C 96.30.Dz Mercury 96.30.Ea Venus 96.30.Gc Mars 96.30.Kf Jupiter 96.30.Mh Saturn 96.30.Pj Uranus 96.30.Rm Neptune 96.30.Sn Pluto 96.30.Wr Planetary rings 96.30.Ys Asteroids (minor planets) 96.35.-j Planetary, asteroid, and satellite characteristics and properties (see also 97.82 for extrasolar planetary systems) 96.35.Cp Origin, formation, evolution, and ages 96.35.Er Chemical composition 96.35.Fs Mass, size; gravitational fields; rotation; orbits 96.35.Gt Surface features, cratering, and topography 96.35.Hv Neutral atmospheres 96.35.Kx Ionospheres; magnetospheres 96.35.Mz Interiors 96.35.Na Volcanism and tectonics 96.35.Pb Electric and magnetic fields 96.35.Se Interplanetary comparisons 96.40.-z Cosmic rays (for cosmic rays outside the Solar System, see 98.70.S) 96.40.Cd Interplanetary propagation and effects 96.40.De Composition, energy spectra, and interactions 96.40.Fg Energetic solar particles and photons 96.40.Kk Solar modulation and geophysical effects 96.40.Pq Extensive air showers 96.40.Tv Neutrinos and muons 96.40.Vw Cosmic-ray effects in meteorites and terrestrial matter 96.50.-e Interplanetary space (for asteroids, see 96.30.Y) 96.50.Bh Solar electric and magnetic fields (including solar wind fields) 96.50.Ci Solar wind plasma 96.50.Dj Interplanetary gas and dust (including gegenschein and zodiacal light) 96.50.Ek Solar wind interactions with planets, satellites, and comets (for interactions with Earth, see 94.30.V) 96.50.Fm Shock waves 96.50.Gn Comets 96.50.Kr Meteors and meteoroids 96.50.Mt Meteorites, micrometeorites, and tektites 96.60.-j Solar physics 96.60.Bn Diameter, figure, rotation, mass 96.60.Fs Chemical composition 96.60.Hv Electric and magnetic fields 96.60.Kx Solar interior (including neutrino problem) (see also 95.30.C Elementary particle and nuclear processes) 96.60.Ly Oscillations and waves; helioseismology 96.60.Mz Photosphere, granulation 96.60.Na Chromosphere and chromosphere-corona transition; spicules 96.60.Pb Corona; coronal loops, streamers, and holes 96.60.Qc Sunspots, faculae, plages 96.60.Rd Flares, bursts, and related phenomena 96.60.Se Prominences 96.60.Tf Solar electromagnetic radiation (for geophysical effects, see 92.60.V, 94.20, and 94.30) 96.60.Vg Particle radiation, solar wind (for geophysical effects, see 94.30.V; see also 96.50.B, 96.50.C, and 96.50.E--in interplanetary space) 96.90.+c Other topics on the solar system 97. Stars 97.10.-q Stellar characteristics and properties (see also 04.40.D Relativistic stars) 97.10.Bt Star formation 97.10.Cv Stellar structure, interiors, evolution, nucleosynthesis, ages 97.10.Ex Stellar atmospheres (photospheres, chromospheres, coronae, magnetospheres); radiative transfer; opacity and line formation 97.10.Fy Circumstellar shells, clouds, and expanding envelopes; circumstellar masers (for interstellar masers, see 98.38.E or 98.58.E) 97.10.Gz Accretion and accretion disks 97.10.Jb Stellar activity 97.10.Kc Stellar rotation 97.10.Ld Magnetic and electric fields; polarization of starlight 97.10.Me Mass loss and stellar winds 97.10.Nf Masses 97.10.Pg Radii and surface features (starspots, etc.) 97.10.Ri Luminosities; magnitudes; effective temperatures, color, and spectral classification 97.10.Sj Pulsations, oscillations, and stellar seismology 97.10.Tk Abundances, chemical composition 97.10.Vm Distances, parallaxes 97.10.Wn Proper motions and radial velocities; space motions (see also 95.10.J Astrometry and reference systems) 97.10.Yp Star counts, distribution, and statistics 97.20.-w Normal stars (by class): general or individual 97.20.Ec Main-sequence: early-type stars (O and B) 97.20.Ge Main-sequence: intermediate-type stars (A and F) 97.20.Jg Main-sequence: late-type stars (G, K, and M) 97.20.Li Giant and subgiant stars 97.20.Pm Supergiant stars 97.20.Rp Faint blue stars, white dwarfs, degenerate stars, nuclei of planetary nebulae (for planetary nebulae, see 98.38.L or 98.58.L) 97.20.Tr Population II stars (blue stragglers, horizontal branch, metal poor, etc.) 97.20.Vs Low luminosity stars, subdwarfs, and brown dwarfs 97.20.Wt Population III stars 97.21.+a Pre-main sequence objects, young stellar objects (YSO's) and protostars (T Tauri stars, Orion population, Herbig-Haro objects, Bok globules, bipolar outflows, cometary nebulae, etc.) (see also 98.38.F and 98.58.F Jets, outflows and bipolar flows in the Milky Way and external galaxies) 97.30.-b Variable and peculiar stars (including novae) 97.30.Dg Low-amplitude blue variables (alpha Cygni, beta Cephei, delta Scuti, delta Delphini, delta Canis Majoris, SX Phoenicius, etc.) 97.30.Eh Emission-line stars (Of, Be, Luminous Blue Variables, Wolf-Rayet, etc.) 97.30.Fi Chemically peculiar stars (Ap, Am, etc.) 97.30.Gj Cepheids (delta Cephei, W Virginis) 97.30.Hk Carbon stars, S stars, and related types (C, S, R, and N) 97.30.Jm Long-period variables (Miras) and semiregulars 97.30.Kn RR Lyrae stars; RV Tauri, PV Telescopii, and R Coronae Borealis variables 97.30.Nr Flare stars (UV Ceti, RS Canum Venaticorum, FU Orionis stars, etc.) 97.30.Qt Novae, dwarf novae, recurrent novae, and other cataclysmic (eruptive) variables (see also 97.80.G, J Cataclysmic binaries and X-ray binaries) 97.30.Sw Other types of variables 97.60.-s Late stages of stellar evolution (including black holes) (see also 04.40.D Relativistic stars) 97.60.Bw Supernovae 97.60.Gb Pulsars 97.60.Jd Neutron stars 97.60.Lf Black holes (see also 04.70 Physics of black holes, 95.30.S Relativity and gravitation; for galactic black holes, see 98.35.J and 98.62.J; for infall, accretion, and accretion disks, see 98.62.M) 97.60.Sm Other objects believed to be disintegrating or collapsing 97.80.-d Binary and multiple stars 97.80.Af Astrometric and interferometric binaries 97.80.Di Visual binaries 97.80.Fk Spectroscopic binaries; close binaries 97.80.Gm Cataclysmic binaries (novae, dwarf novae, recurrent novae, and nova-like objects); symbiotic stars (see also 97.30.Q Novae) 97.80.Hn Eclipsing binaries 97.80.Jp X-ray binaries (see also 98.70.Q X-ray sources and 97.60.G Pulsars) 97.80.Kq Multiple stars 97.82.+k Extrasolar planetary systems 97.90.+j Other topics on stars 98. Stellar systems; interstellar medium; galactic and extragalactic objects and systems; the Universe 98.10.+z Stellar dynamics and kinematics 98.20.-d Stellar clusters and associations 98.20.Af Associations of stars (OB, T, R) in the Milky Way 98.20.Bg Associations of stars (OB, T, R) in external galaxies 98.20.Di Open clusters in the Milky Way 98.20.Fk Open clusters in external galaxies 98.20.Gm Globular clusters in the Milky Way 98.20.Jp Globular clusters in external galaxies 98.35.-a Characteristics and properties of the Milky Way galaxy 98.35.Ac Origin, formation, evolution, age, and star formation 98.35.Bd Chemical composition and chemical evolution 98.35.Ce Mass and mass distribution 98.35.Df Kinematics, dynamics, and rotation 98.35.Eg Electric and magnetic fields 98.35.Gi Galactic halo 98.35.Hj Spiral arms and galactic disk 98.35.Jk Galactic center (including black hole) and bulge (see also 04.70 Physics of black holes) 98.35.Ln Stellar content and populations; morphology and overall structure 98.35.Mp Infall and accretion 98.35.Nq Galactic winds and fountains 98.38.-j Interstellar medium (ISM) and nebulae in Milky Way 98.38.Am Physical properties (magnetic fields, scintillation scattering, turbulence, electron density, etc.) 98.38.Bn Atomic, molecular, and chemical processes 98.38.Cp Interstellar dust grains 98.38.Dq Molecular clouds, molecular hydrogen clouds, dense clouds, and dark clouds 98.38.Er Interstellar masers (for circumstellar masers, see 97.10.F) 98.38.Fs Jets, outflows, and bipolar flows (for pre-main sequence objects, see 97.21) 98.38.Gt H I regions, diffuse clouds, and 21-cm lines 98.38.Hv H II regions; emission and reflection nebulae 98.38.Jw Infrared sources 98.38.Kx Intercloud medium (ICM) 98.38.Ly Planetary nebulae (for nuclei of planetary nebulae, see also 97.20.R) 98.38.Mz Supernova remnants 98.52.-b Normal galaxies; extragalactic objects and systems (by type) 98.52.Cf Classification and classification systems 98.52.Eh Elliptical galaxies 98.52.Lp Lenticular (S0) galaxies 98.52.Nr Spiral galaxies 98.52.Sw Irregular and peculiar galaxies 98.52.Wz Dwarf galaxies (elliptical, irregular, and spheroidal) 98.54.-h Quasars; active or peculiar galaxies, objects, and systems 98.54.Aj Quasars 98.54.Cm Active and peculiar galaxies (including BL Lacertae objects, blazars, Seyfert galaxies, Markarian galaxies, and active galactic nuclei) 98.54.Ep Starburst galaxies and infrared galaxies 98.54.Gr Radio galaxies 98.56.-p Local group; Magellanic clouds 98.56.Ew Elliptical galaxies 98.56.Ne Spiral galaxies (M31 and M33) 98.56.Si Magellanic clouds and other irregular galaxies 98.56.Wm Dwarf galaxies (elliptical, irregular, and spheroidal) 98.58.-w Interstellar medium (ISM) and nebulae in external galaxies 98.58.Ay Physical properties (magnetic fields, scintillation scattering, turbulence, electron density, etc.) 98.58.Bz Atomic, molecular, and chemical processes 98.58.Ca Interstellar dust grains 98.58.Db Molecular clouds, molecular hydrogen clouds, dense clouds, and dark clouds 98.58.Ec Interstellar masers (for circumstellar masers, see 97.10.F) 98.58.Fd Jets, outflows and bipolar flows (for pre-main sequence objects, see 97.21) 98.58.Ge H I regions, diffuse clouds, and 21-cm lines 98.58.Hf H II regions; emission and reflection nebulae 98.58.Jg Infrared sources 98.58.Kh Intercloud medium (ICM) 98.58.Li Planetary nebulae (for nuclei of planetary nebulae, see also 97.20.R) 98.58.Mj Supernova remnants 98.62.-g Characteristics and properties of external galaxies and extragalactic objects (for the Milky Way, see 98.35) 98.62.Ai Origin, formation, evolution, age, and star formation 98.62.Bj Chemical composition and chemical evolution 98.62.Ck Masses and mass distribution 98.62.Dm Kinematics, dynamics, and rotation 98.62.En Electric and magnetic fields 98.62.Gq Galactic halos 98.62.Hr Spiral arms and bars; galactic disks 98.62.Js Galactic nuclei (including black holes) and bulges (see also 04.70 Physics of black holes) 98.62.Lv Stellar content and populations; radii; morphology and overall structure 98.62.Mw Infall, accretion, and accretion disks (see also 04.70 Physics of black holes) 98.62.Nx Jets and bursts; galactic winds and fountains 98.62.Py Distances, redshifts, radial velocities; spatial distribution of galaxies 98.62.Qz Magnitudes and colors; luminosities 98.62.Ra Intergalactic and intracluster matter 98.62.Sb Gravitational lenses and luminous arcs (see also 95.30.S Relativity and gravitation) 98.62.Tc Astrometry; identification 98.65.-r Galaxy groups, clusters, and superclusters; large scale structure of the Universe 98.65.At Interacting galaxies, galaxy pairs, galaxy mergers 98.65.Bv Galaxy groups 98.65.Cw Galaxy clusters 98.65.Dx Superclusters; large-scale structure of the Universe (including voids, pancakes, great wall, protogalaxies, and primordial galaxies) 98.70.-f Other sources and radiations (including cosmic rays outside the Solar System) (for cosmic rays in the Solar System, see 96.40; for pulsars, see 97.60.G) 98.70.Dk Radio sources ...... Quasars, see 98.54.A 98.70.Lt IR sources (for IR sources in interstellar medium, see 98.38.J and/or 98.58.J) 98.70.Qy X-ray sources (see also 97.30.Q Novae, dwarf novae, 97.80.J X-ray binaries) 98.70.Rz gamma-ray sources 98.70.Sa Cosmic rays (including sources, origin, acceleration, and interactions) 98.70.Vc Background radiations 98.80.-k Cosmology (see also 04 General relativity and gravitation; for origin and evolution of galaxies, see 98.62.A; for elementary particle and nuclear processes, see 95.30.C; for dark matter, see 95.35; for superclusters and large-scale structure of the Universe, see 98.65.D) 98.80.Bp Origin and formation of the Universe 98.80.Cq Particle-theory and field-theory models of the early Universe (including cosmic pancakes, cosmic strings, chaotic phenomena, inflationary universe, etc.) 98.80.Es Observational cosmology 98.80.Ft Origin and formation of the elements 98.80.Hw Mathematical and relativistic aspects of cosmology; quantum cosmology (see also 95.30.S Relativity and gravitation) 98.90.+s Other topics on stellar systems; interstellar medium; galactic and extragalactic objects and systems; the Universe 99.10.+g Errata APPENDIX TO 43: ACOUSTICS The detailed headings of this Appendix correspond to the scheme used by the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 43.05.-k Acoustical Society of America (in PACS, see also 01.10.H) 43.05.Bp Constitution and bylaws 43.05.Dr History 43.05.Ft Honorary members 43.05.Gv Publications 43.05.Hw Meetings 43.05.Ky Members and membership lists, personal notes, fellows 43.05.Ma Administrative committee activities 43.05.Nb Technical committee activities; Technical Council 43.05.Pc Prizes, medals, and other awards 43.05.Re Regional chapters 43.05.Sf Obituaries 43.10.-a General 43.10.Ce Conferences, lectures, and announcements (not of the Acoustical Society of America) (in PACS, see also 01.10.C and 01.10.F) 43.10.Df Other acoustical societies 43.10.Eg Biographical, historical, and personal notes (not of the Acoustical Society of America) (in PACS, see also 01.60) 43.10.Gi Editorials 43.10.Hj Books and book reviews (in PACS, see also 01.30) 43.10.Jk Bibliographies (in PACS, see also 01.30.T) 43.10.Km Patents 43.10.Ln Surveys and tutorial papers; historical and philosophical literature (in PACS, see also 01.30.R, 01.65, and 01.70) 43.10.Nq Nonacoustical theories 43.10.Pr Nonacoustical devices 43.10.Qs Notes on general acoustics 43.10.Sv Education in acoustics (in PACS, see also 01.40, 01.50) 43.10.Vx Errata 43.15.+s Standards (in PACS, see also 06.20.F) 43.20.-f General linear acoustics 43.20.Bi Mathematical theory of wave propagation (see also 43.40.A) 43.20.Dk Ray acoustics 43.20.Fn Reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and scattering of acoustic waves (see also 43.30.E to 43.30.H) 43.20.Gp Reflection, refraction, diffraction, interference, and scattering of elastic and poroelastic waves 43.20.Hq Velocity and attenuation of acoustic waves (see also 43.30.B, C, E and 43.35.A, B, C) 43.20.Jr Velocity and attenuation of elastic and poroelastic waves 43.20.Ks Standing waves, resonance, normal modes (see also 43.25.G, 43.40.A, and 43.55.B) 43.20.Mv Waveguides, wave propagation in tubes and ducts 43.20.Px Transient radiation and scattering 43.20.Rz Steady-state radiation from sources, impedance, radiation patterns (see also 43.28.H and 43.30.J) 43.20.Tb Interaction of vibrating structures with surrounding medium (see also 43.40.R) 43.20.Wd Analogies 43.20.Ye Measurement methods and instrumentation (see also 43.58) 43.25.-x Nonlinear acoustics, macrosonics 43.25.Ba Parameters of nonlinearity of the medium 43.25.Cb Macrosonic propagation, finite amplitude sound; shock waves (see also 43.28.M and 43.30.L) 43.25.Dc Nonlinear acoustics of solids 43.25.Ed Effect of nonlinearity on velocity and attenuation 43.25.Fe Effect of nonlinearity on acoustic surface waves 43.25.Gf Standing waves; resonance (see also 43.20.K) 43.25.Hg Interaction of intense sound waves with noise 43.25.Jh Reflection, refraction, interference, scattering, and diffraction of intense sound waves (see also 43.30.L and 43.20.F) 43.25.Lj Parametric arrays, interaction of sound with sound, virtual sources (see also 43.30.L) 43.25.Nm Acoustic streaming 43.25.Qp Radiation pressure (see also 43.58.P) 43.25.Rq Solitons, chaos 43.25.Ts Nonlinear acoustical and dynamical systems 43.25.Uv Acoustic levitation 43.25.Vt Intense sound sources 43.25.Yw Acoustic cavitation, vibration of gas bubbles in liquids 43.25.Zx Measurement methods and instrumentation for nonlinear acoustics (see also 43.58) 43.28.-g Aeroacoustics, atmospheric sound 43.28.Bj Sounds in the atmosphere, speed in air, acoustic- gravity waves, Doppler effect 43.28.Dm Infrasound 43.28.En Acoustic impedance of ground, vegetation, snow, ice 43.28.Fp Outdoor sound propagation, topographical and meteorological factors, and atmospheric turbulence 43.28.Gq Normal mode propagation 43.28.Hr Outdoor sound sources (see also 43.50.L, N, S) 43.28.Kt Aerothermoacoustics 43.28.Mw Shock and blast waves, sonic boom (see also 43.25.C and 43.50.P) 43.28.Py Interaction of fluid motion and sound 43.28.Ra Generation of sound by fluid flow, aerodynamic sound, turbulence (see also 43.30.N and 43.50.E, N) 43.28.Tc Measurement methods and instrumentation using sound in air for location, navigation, altimetry, sound ranging (see also 43.30.V and 43.58) 43.28.Vd Measurement methods and instrumentation to determine winds, wind shears, turbulence parameters, temperatures, and pollutants in air (see also 43.58) 43.28.We Measurements at high altitudes, environment-dependent corrections for acoustical parameters (see also 43.58) 43.30.-k Underwater sound 43.30.Bp Normal mode propagation of sound in water 43.30.Cq Ray propagation of sound in water 43.30.Dr Hybrid and asymptotic propagation theories, related experiments 43.30.Es Velocity, attenuation, refraction, and diffraction in water, Doppler effect 43.30.Ft Volume scattering 43.30.Gv Backscattering, echoes, and reverberation in water due to combinations of boundaries 43.30.Hw Rough interface scattering 43.30.Jx Radiation from objects vibrating under water, acoustic and mechanical impedance (see also 43.58.B) 43.30.Ky Structures and materials for absorbing sound in water; propagation in fluid-filled permeable material 43.30.Lz Underwater applications of nonlinear acoustics; explosions (see also 43.25.C, L) 43.30.Ma Acoustics of sediments; ice covers, viscoelastic media; seismic underwater acoustics 43.30.Nb Noise in water; generation mechanisms and characteristics of the field (see also 43.50.N and 43.28.R) 43.30.Pc Ocean parameter estimation by acoustical methods; remote sensing; imaging, inversion, acoustic tomography 43.30.Qd Global scale acoustics; ocean basin thermometry, transbasin acoustics 43.30.Re Signal coherence or fluctuation due to sound propagation/scattering in the ocean 43.30.Sf Acoustical detection of marine life; passive and active 43.30.Tg Navigational instruments using underwater sound 43.30.Vh Active sonar systems 43.30.Wi Passive sonar systems and algorithms, matched field processing (see also 43.60.G) 43.30.Xm Underwater measurement and calibration instrumentation and procedures (see also 43.58) 43.30.Yj Transducers and transducer arrays for underwater sound; transducer calibration (see also 43.58.V) 43.30.Zk Experimental modeling 43.35.-c Ultrasonics, quantum acoustics, and physical effects of sound 43.35.Ae Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in gases 43.35.Bf Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in liquids, liquid crystals, suspensions, and emulsions (see also 43.30.E to H) 43.35.Cg Ultrasonic velocity, dispersion, scattering, diffraction, and attenuation in solids; elastic constants (see also 43.20.G, J) 43.35.Dh Pretersonics (sound of frequency above 100 GHz); Brillouin scattering 43.35.Ei Acoustic cavitation in liquids (see also 43.30.N) 43.35.Fj Ultrasonic relaxation processes in gases, liquids, and solids 43.35.Gk Phonons in crystal lattices, quantum acoustics (in PACS, see also 63.20) 43.35.Kp Plasma acoustics (in PACS, see also 52.35.D) 43.35.Lq Low-temperature acoustics, sound in liquid helium (in PACS, see also 67.40.M) 43.35.Mr Acoustics of viscoelastic materials 43.35.Ns Acoustical properties of thin films (in PACS, see also 68.60.B) 43.35.Pt Surface waves in solids and liquids (in PACS, see also 68.35.G and 68.45.N) 43.35.Rw Magnetoacoustic effect; oscillations and resonance (in PACS, see also 75.80 and 72.55) 43.35.Sx Acoustooptical effects, optoacoustics, acoustical visualization, acoustical microscopy, and acoustical holography (see also 43.60.G, S; in PACS, see also 78.20.H) 43.35.Ty Other physical effects of sound 43.35.Ud Thermoacoustics, high temperature acoustics, photoacoustic effect 43.35.Vz Chemical effects of ultrasound 43.35.Wa Biological effects of ultrasound, ultrasonic tomography (see also 43.40.N and 43.80.G, J, S) 43.35.Xd Nuclear acoustical resonance, acoustical magnetic resonance 43.35.Yb Ultrasonic instrumentation and measurement techniques (see also 43.58) 43.35.Zc Use of ultrasonics in nondestructive testing, industrial processes, and industrial products 43.38.-p Transduction; acoustical devices for the generation and reproduction of sound 43.38.Ar Transducing principles, materials, and structures: general (see also 43.30.Y and 43.40.Y) 43.38.Bs Electrostatic transducers 43.38.Ct Magnetostrictive transducers 43.38.Dv Electromagnetic and electrodynamic transducers 43.38.Ew Feedback transducers 43.38.Fx Piezoelectric and ferroelectric transducers 43.38.Gy Semiconductor transducers 43.38.Hz Transducer arrays, acoustic interaction effects in arrays (see also 43.30.Y) 43.38.Ja Loudspeakers and horns, practical sound sources (see also 43.20.R and 43.38.T) 43.38.Kb Microphones and their calibration (see also 43.30.Y and 43.40.Y) 43.38.Lc Amplifiers, attenuators, and audio controls 43.38.Md Sound recording and reproducing systems, general concepts 43.38.Ne Mechanical, optical, and photographic recording and reproducing systems 43.38.Pf Hydroacoustic and hydraulic transducers 43.38.Qg Magnetic and electrostatic recording and reproducing systems 43.38.Rh Surface acoustic wave transducers (see also 43.25.F and 43.35.P) 43.38.Si Telephones, earphones, sound power telephones, and intercommunication systems 43.38.Tj Public address systems, sound-reinforcement systems (see also 43.55.J) 43.38.Vk Stereophonic reproduction 43.38.Wl Broadcasting (radio and television) 43.38.Xm Subjective rating of audio transducers 43.38.Yn Impulse transducers 43.38.Zp Acoustooptic and photoacoustic transducers (see also 43.35.S) 43.40.-r Structural acoustics and vibration 43.40.At Experimental and theoretical studies of vibrating systems (see also 43.20.B, K, R) 43.40.Cw Vibrations of strings, rods, and beams 43.40.Dx Vibrations of membranes and plates 43.40.Ey Vibrations of shells 43.40.Ga Nonlinear vibration 43.40.Hb Random vibration 43.40.Jc Shock and shock reduction and absorption; velocity of shock waves (see also 43.25.C, 43.28.M, and 43.30.Q) 43.40.Kd Impact and impact reduction, mechanical transients 43.40.Le Techniques for nondestructive evaluation and monitoring, acoustic emission (see also 43.35.Z) 43.40.Ng Effects of vibration and shock on biological systems, including man (see also 43.35.W, 43.50.Q, and 43.80) 43.40.Ph Seismology and geophysical prospecting; seismographs 43.40.Qi Effect of sound on structures, fatigue; spatial statistics of structural vibration 43.40.Rj Radiation from vibrating structures into fluid media 43.40.Sk Mechanical filters (see also 43.58.K) 43.40.Tm Vibration isolators, attenuators, and dampers (see also 43.55.V) 43.40.Vn Active vibration control 43.40.Yq Instrumentation and techniques for tests and measurement relating to shock and vibration, including vibration pickups, indicators, and generators, mechanical impedance 43.50.-x Noise: its effects and control 43.50.Ba Noisiness: rating methods and criteria 43.50.Cb Noise spectra, determination of sound power 43.50.Ed Noise generation (see also 43.28.R) 43.50.Fe Noise masking systems 43.50.Gf Noise control at source: redesign, application of absorptive materials and reactive elements, mufflers, noise silencers, noise barriers, and attenuators, etc. (see also 43.55.D) 43.50.Hg Noise control at the ear (see also 43.66.V) 43.50.Jh Noise in buildings and general machinery noise (see also 43.55.E, F, R) 43.50.Ki Active noise control 43.50.Lj Transportation noise sources: air, road, rail, and marine vehicles 43.50.Nm Aerodynamic and jet noise (see also 43.28.R) 43.50.Pn Impulse noise and noise due to impact (see also 43.40.K) 43.50.Qp Effects of noise on man and society, environmental noise (see also 43.66.E, and 43.80.N) 43.50.Sr Community noise, noise zoning, by-laws, and legislation 43.50.Vt Topographical and meteorological factors in noise propagation 43.50.Yw Instrumentation and techniques for noise measurement and analysis (see also 43.58) 43.55.-n Architectural acoustics 43.55.Br Room acoustics: theory and experiment; reverberation, normal modes, diffusion, transient and steady-state response (see also 43.20.F, K) 43.55.Cs Stationary response of rooms to noise; spatial statistics of room response; random testing 43.55.Dt Sound absorption in enclosures: theory and measurement; use of absorption in offices, commercial and domestic spaces (see also 43.50.J) 43.55.Ev Sound absorption properties of materials: theory and measurement of sound absorption coefficients; acoustic impedance and admittance 43.55.Fw Auditorium and enclosure design (see also 43.50.G, J) 43.55.Gx Studies of existing auditoria and enclosures 43.55.Hy Subjective effects in room acoustics, speech in rooms 43.55.Jz Sound-reinforcement systems for rooms and enclosures (see also 43.38.T) 43.55.Ka Computer simulation of acoustics in enclosures, modeling (see also 43.58.T) 43.55.Lb Electrical simulation of reverberation 43.55.Mc Room acoustics measuring instruments, computer measurement of room properties (see also 43.58.F) 43.55.Nd Reverberation room design: theory, applications to measurements of sound absorption, transmission loss, sound power 43.55.Pe Anechoic chamber design, wedges 43.55.Rg Sound transmission through walls and through ducts: theory and measurement 43.55.Ti Sound-isolating structures, values of transmission coefficients (see also 43.50.J) 43.55.Vj Vibration-isolating supports in building acoustics (see also 43.40.T; in PACS, see 07.10.F) 43.55.Wk Damping of panels 43.58.-e Acoustical measurements and instrumentation (see also specific sections for specialized instrumentation) 43.58.Bh Acoustic impedance measurement (see also 43.30.J, 43.20.R, and 43.40.Y) 43.58.Dj Sound velocity 43.58.Fm Sound level meters, level recorders, sound pressure, particle velocity, and sound intensity measurements, meters, and controllers (see also 43.55.M) 43.58.Gn Acoustic impulse analyzers and measurements 43.58.Hp Tuning forks, frequency standards; frequency measuring and recording instruments; time standards and chronographs 43.58.Jq Wave and tone synthesizers 43.58.Kr Spectrum and frequency analyzers and filters; acoustical and electrical oscillographs; photoacoustic spectrometers; acoustical delay lines and resonators (see also 43.40.S) 43.58.Ls Acoustical lenses and microscopes (see also 43.35.S) 43.58.Mt Phase meters 43.58.Pw Rayleigh disks (see also 43.25.Q) 43.58.Ry Distortion: frequency, nonlinear, phase, and transient; measurement of distortion 43.58.Ta Computers and computer programs in acoustics (see also 43.75.W, 43.55.K, 43.60.G, and 43.70.J) 43.58.Vb Calibration of acoustical devices and systems 43.58.Wc Electrical and mechanical oscillators 43.60.-c Acoustic signal processing 43.60.Bf Acoustic signal detection for system control 43.60.Cg Statistical properties of signals and noise 43.60.Dh Acoustical system communication, telemetry 43.60.Gk Space-time signal processing, matched field processing (see also 43.35.S, 43.30.W) 43.60.Lq Displays, pattern recognition, learning machines, adaptive processing 43.60.Pt Acoustical inverse problems 43.60.Qv Instrumentation and measurement methods (see also 43.58) 43.60.Rw Remote sensing methods, acoustic tomography 43.60.Sx Acoustical holography processing 43.64.-q Physiological acoustics 43.64.Bt Models and theories of the auditory system 43.64.Dw Anatomy of the cochlea and auditory nerve 43.64.Fy Anatomy of the auditory central nervous system 43.64.Gz Biochemistry and pharmacology of the auditory system 43.64.Ha Acoustical properties of the outer ear; middle-ear mechanics and reflex 43.64.Jb Otoacoustic emission 43.64.Kc Cochlear mechanics 43.64.Ld Physiology of hair cells 43.64.Me Effects of electrical stimulation, cochlear implant 43.64.Nf Cochlear electrophysiology 43.64.Pg Electrophysiology of the auditory nerve 43.64.Qh Electrophysiology of the auditory central nervous system 43.64.Ri Evoked responses to sounds 43.64.Sj Neural responses to speech 43.64.Tk Physiology of sound generation and detection by animals 43.64.Vm Physiology of the somatosensory system 43.64.Wn Effects of noise and trauma on the auditory system 43.64.Yp Instruments and methods (see also 43.58) 43.66.-x Psychological acoustics 43.66.Ba Models and theories of auditory processes 43.66.Cb Loudness, absolute threshold 43.66.Dc Masking 43.66.Ed Auditory fatigue, temporary threshold shift 43.66.Fe Discrimination: intensity and frequency 43.66.Gf Detection and discrimination of sound by animals 43.66.Hg Pitch 43.66.Jh Timbre 43.66.Ki Subjective tones 43.66.Lj Perceptual effects of sound (see also 43.71) 43.66.Mk Temporal and sequential aspects of hearing 43.66.Nm Phase effects 43.66.Pn Binaural hearing 43.66.Qp Localization of sound sources 43.66.Rq Dichotic listening 43.66.Sr Deafness, audiometry, aging effects 43.66.Ts Auditory prostheses, hearing aids 43.66.Vt Hearing protection (see also 43.50.H) 43.66.Wv Vibration and tactile senses 43.66.Yw Instruments and methods related to hearing and its measurement (see also 43.58) 43.70.-h Speech production 43.70.Aj Anatomy and physiology of the vocal tract, larynx function, speech aerodynamics, articulatory kinematics, artificial larynx 43.70.Bk Models and theories of speech production 43.70.Dn Abnormal speech; speech training 43.70.Ep Development of speech production in the young 43.70.Fq Acoustical correlates of phonetic segments and suprasegmental properties: stress, timing, and intonation 43.70.Gr Voice and talker characteristics 43.70.Hs Phonetics 43.70.Jt Instrumentation for speech production research; use of computers in speech production studies (see also 43.58.T) 43.70.Kv Language and cross-language feature analysis 43.70.Lw Language acquisition 43.71.-k Speech perception 43.71.An Models and theories of speech perception (see also 43.66.B) 43.71.Bp Perception of voice and talker characteristics 43.71.Cq Representation of speech in the peripheral auditory system 43.71.Es Vowel and consonant perception; perception of words, sentences, and fluent speech (see also 43.66.L) 43.71.Ft Development of speech perception in the young 43.71.Gv Measures of speech perception (intelligibility and quality) 43.71.Hw Language and cross-language feature perception 43.71.Ky Speech perception by the hearing impaired (see also 43.66.T) 43.71.Lz Speech perception by the aging 43.71.Ma Visual and tactile speech perception 43.71.Pc Central neural mechanisms in speech perception 43.72.-p Speech processing and communication systems 43.72.Ar Speech analysis and analysis techniques; parametric representation of speech 43.72.Bs Neural networks for speech recognition 43.72.Ct Acoustical methods for determining vocal tract shapes 43.72.Dv Speech-noise interaction 43.72.Ew Speech enhancement techniques 43.72.Fx Talker identification and adaptation algorithms 43.72.Gy Narrow, medium, and wideband speech coding 43.72.Ja Speech synthesis and synthesis techniques 43.72.Kb Speech communication systems and speech performance (see also 43.38.S) 43.72.Lc Temporal alignment procedures for speech 43.72.Md Frequency alignment procedures for speech 43.72.Ne Automatic speech recognition systems 43.72.Pf Automatic talker recognition systems 43.75.-z Music and musical instruments 43.75.Bc Intonation, vibrato, musical scales, and musical composition 43.75.Cd Music perception and cognition 43.75.De Bowed stringed instruments 43.75.Ef Woodwinds 43.75.Fg Brass wind instruments (lip vibrated) 43.75.Gh Plucked stringed instruments 43.75.Hi Drums and other membranophonic instruments 43.75.Kk Bells, xylophones, and other instruments having rigid vibrators 43.75.Mn Pianos and other keyboard stringed instruments 43.75.Np Pipe organs 43.75.Pq Reed organs, accordions, and harmonicas 43.75.Rs Singing 43.75.St Musical performance analysis and training 43.75.Tv Electrical musical instruments 43.75.Wx Electronic music, computer music (see also 43.58.T) 43.75.Yy Instrumentation and techniques for measurements (see also 43.58) 43.80.-n Bioacoustics 43.80.Cs Acoustical characteristics of biological media: molecular species, cellular level tissues 43.80.Ev Acoustical measurement methods in biological systems and media 43.80.Gx Mechanisms of action of acoustic energy on biological systems: physical processes, sites of action (in PACS, see also 87.51) 43.80.Jz Use of acoustic energy (with or without other forms) in studies of structure and function of biological systems (in PACS, see also 87.51) 43.80.Ka Sound production by animals: mechanisms, characteristics, populations, biosonar (see also 43.30.N and 43.64.T) 43.80.Lb Sound reception by animals: anatomy, physiology, auditory capacities, processing (see also 43.64.T, 43.66.G) 43.80.Nd Effects of noise on animals and associated behavior, protective mechanisms (see also 43.50.Q, 43.64.T) 43.80.Pe Agroacoustics 43.80.Qf Medical diagnosis with acoustics (in PACS, see also 87.59.M) 43.80.Sh Medical use of ultrasonics for tissue modification (permanent and temporary) (in PACS, see also 87.56) 43.80.Vj Acoustical medical instrumentation and measurement techniques (see also 43.66.T and 43.58)